beach

A beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, etc., or biological sources, such as mollusc shells or coralline algae. Sediments settle in different densities and structures, depending on the local wave action and weather, creating different textures, colors and gradients or layers of material. 海滩是由松散颗粒组成的水体旁边的地形。构成海滩的颗粒通常由岩石（如沙子、砾石、木瓦、卵石等）或生物源（如软体动物壳或珊瑚藻）制成。根据当地的波浪作用和天气，沉积物以不同的密度和结构沉降，形成不同的纹理、颜色和梯度或材料层。

Though some beaches form on freshwater locations, most beaches are in coastal areas where wave or current action deposits and reworks sediments. Erosion and changing of beach geologies happens through natural processes, like wave action and extreme weather events. Where wind conditions are correct, beaches can be backed by coastal dunes which offer protection and regeneration for the beach. However, these natural forces have become more extreme due to climate change, permanently altering beaches at very rapid rates. Some estimates describe as much as 50 percent of the earth's sandy beaches disappearing by 2100 due to climate-change driven sea level rise. 虽然一些海滩形成于淡水区域，但大多数海滩位于波浪或海流作用沉积和再沉积的沿海地区。海滩地质的侵蚀和变化是通过自然过程发生的，比如波浪作用和极端天气事件。在风力条件合适的地方，海滩可以由海岸沙丘支撑，为海滩提供保护和再生。然而，由于气候变化，这些自然力变得更加极端，以非常快的速度永久性地改变海滩。据估计，到2100年，由于气候变化导致海平面上升，地球上多达50%的沙滩正在消失。

Sandy beaches occupy about one third of global coastlines. These beaches are popular for recreation, playing important economic and cultural roles—often driving local tourism industries. To support these uses, some beaches have man-made infrastructure, such as lifeguard posts, changing rooms, showers, shacks and bars. They may also have hospitality venues (such as resorts, camps, hotels, and restaurants) nearby or housing, both for permanent and seasonal residents. 沙滩约占全球海岸线的三分之一。这些海滩很受欢迎，是休闲娱乐的好去处，在经济和文化方面发挥着重要作用，往往推动着当地的旅游业。为了支持这些用途，一些海滩设有人工基础设施，如救生员岗、更衣室、淋浴间、棚屋和酒吧。他们也可能在附近有接待场所（如度假村、营地、酒店和餐厅）或住房，供永久居民和季节性居民使用。

Human forces have significantly changed beaches globally: direct impacts include bad construction practices on dunes and coastlines, while indirect human impacts include water pollution, plastic pollution and coastal erosion from sea level rise and climate change. Some coastal management practices are designed to preserve or restore natural beach processes, while some beaches are actively restored through practices like beach nourishment. 人类力量在全球范围内显著改变了海滩：直接影响包括对沙丘和海岸线的不良施工做法，而间接的人类影响包括水污染、塑料污染以及海平面上升和气候变化造成的海岸侵蚀。一些海岸管理措施旨在保护或恢复自然海滩过程，而一些海滩则通过海滩营养等措施积极恢复。

六级/考研单词: particle, compose, texture, deposit, erode, perpetual, rapid, tertiary, globe, recreation, seldom, infrastructure, hospitable, venue, nearby, reside, construct, pollute, nourish