batch

Batch production is a method of manufacturing where the products are made as specified groups or amounts, within a time frame. A batch can go through a series of steps in a large manufacturing process to make the final desired product. Batch production is used for many types of manufacturing that may need smaller amounts of production at a time to ensure specific quality standards or changes in the process. This is opposed to large mass production or continuous production methods where the product or process does not need to be checked or changed as frequently or periodically. 批量生产是一种生产方法，产品在一定时间内按规定的组或数量生产。一批产品可以在一个大型制造过程中经过一系列步骤，以生产出最终所需的产品。批量生产用于许多类型的制造，一次可能需要较少的生产量，以确保特定的质量标准或过程中的变更。这与大规模生产或连续生产方法相对，在这种方法中，产品或工艺不需要频繁或定期检查或更改。在美剧《老友记》里，Monica做果酱时，Joey尝了一口被烫得吐了回去，然后不好意思地说；This batch is mine.

The term "batch processing" originates in the traditional classification of methods of production as job production (one-off production), batch production (production of a "batch" of multiple items at once, one stage at a time), and flow production (mass production, all stages in process at once).

Early computers were capable of running only one program at a time. Each user had sole control of the machine for a scheduled period of time. They would arrive at the computer with program and data, often on punched paper cards and magnetic or paper tape, and would load their program, run and debug it, and carry off their output when done.

As computers became faster the setup and takedown time became a larger percentage of available computer time. Programs called monitors, the forerunners of operating systems, were developed which could process a series, or "batch", of programs, often from magnetic tape prepared offline. The monitor would be loaded into the computer and run the first job of the batch. At the end of the job it would regain control and load and run the next until the batch was complete. Often the output of the batch would be written to magnetic tape and printed or punched offline. Examples of monitors were IBM's Fortran Monitor System, SOS (Share Operating System), and finally IBSYS for IBM's 709x systems in 1960.

A batch file is a script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the command-line interpreter, stored in a plain text file. A batch file may contain any command the interpreter accepts interactively and use constructs that enable conditional branching and looping within the batch file, such as IF, FOR, and GOTO labels. The term "batch" is from batch processing, meaning "non-interactive execution", though a batch file may not process a batch of multiple data.

Unlike Windows 98 and earlier, the Windows NT family of operating systems does not depend on MS-DOS. Windows NT introduced an enhanced 32-bit command interpreter (cmd.exe) that could execute scripts with either the .CMD or .BAT extension.

There are other, later and more powerful, scripting languages available for Windows.

PowerShell (.ps1) — released in 2006 by Microsoft and can operate with Windows XP (SP2/SP3) and later versions. PowerShell can operate both interactively (from a command-line interface) and also via saved scripts, and has a strong resemblance to Unix shells.

Unix-style shell scripting languages can be used if a Unix compatibility tool, such as Cygwin, is installed.

Script files run if the filename without extension is entered. There are rules of precedence governing interpretation of, say, DoThis if DoThis.com, DoThis.exe, DoThis.bat, DoThis.cmd, etc. exist; by default DoThis.com has highest priority. This default order may be modified in newer operating systems by the user-settable PATHEXT environment variable. For example:
C:\Users\user>echo %pathext%
.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC

六级/考研单词: batch, manufacture, desire, perpetual, seldom, multiple, compute, data, punch, offline, script, execute, interpret, construct, loop, bat, potent, resemble, compatible, install, default, modify, invariable, echo