baby boom

A baby boom is a period marked by a significant increase of birth rate. The most well-known baby boom occurred in the mid-twentieth century, beginning in the late 1930s or early 1940s and ending in the 1960s. It was a change of trend that was largely unexpected, because in most countries it occurred in the midst of a period of improving economies and rising living standards.

婴儿潮是出生率显著上升的时期。最著名的婴儿潮发生在20世纪中叶，始于20世纪30年代末或40年代初，结束于20世纪60年代。这是一个很大程度上出乎意料的趋势变化，因为在大多数国家，它发生在经济改善和生活水平提高的时期。

我觉得不咋unexpected. 比如1995年我觉得自己很厉害，2000年我觉得竞争激烈我要失业了，我就不敢再乱花钱了。而我真正失业是2005年，这一年我的总收入达到顶峰。也许对注重教育的亚洲人来说，生孩子是大事，要仔细考虑，而欧美人随随便便就生了。

The baby boom occurred in countries experiencing damage from war and economic hardships. In the United States the baby boom was attributed to numerous veterans returning home post-war, in 1945. The passing of the G.I. Bill of Rights by the U.S. Congress, encouraged home ownership and higher education levels by charging little to no interest on loans for veterans. The improved economic position allowed more people to start families.

婴儿潮发生在遭受战争和经济困难破坏的国家。在美国，婴儿潮是由于许多退伍军人在1945年战后回国。美国国会通过了《G.I.权利法案》，通过对退伍军人贷款收取很少甚至不收取利息，鼓励了人们拥有住房，提高了教育水平。经济状况的改善使更多的人开始组建家庭。2008年金融危机

Why are American soldiers called GIs? A popular theory links the term to the early 20th century, when "G.I." was stamped on military trash cans and buckets. The two-letter abbreviation stood for the material from which these items were made: galvanized iron.

为什么美国士兵被称为GIs？一种流行的理论将这个词与20世纪初联系在一起，当时“G.I.”被印在军用垃圾桶上。两个字母的缩写代表制作这些物品的材料：镀锌铁。再如United States - US - Uncle Sam. 喀秋莎火箭炮为了保密未公开正式名称，只把生产工厂(Казанская губерния, 喀山)首字母K刻印在发射架上，炮兵部队便用“喀秋莎”作为该炮的名称。再如玛丽莲梦露的梦露和门罗主义的门罗都是Monroe.

The prevalence of the term led soldiers in World War II to start referring to themselves as GIs. Some servicemen used it as a sarcastic reference symbolizing their belief that they were just mass-produced products of the government. During the war, GI Joe also became a term for U.S. soldiers. Cartoonist Dave Breger, who was drafted into the Army in 1941, is credited with coining the name with his comic strip titled "G.I. Joe," which he published in a weekly military magazine called Yank, beginning in 1942. In 1964, U.S. toy company Hasbro, after taking note of competitor Mattel's huge success with the Barbie doll (launched in 1959), debuted "G.I. Joe," a military-themed line of action figures for boys.

这个词的流行使得二战中的士兵开始称自己为GIs。一些军人用它作为讽刺的参照，象征着他们相信它们只是政府大规模生产的产品。在战争期间，GI Joe也成为美国士兵的一个术语。漫画家戴夫·布雷格于1941年应征入伍，因其漫画《G.I.乔》（G.I.Joe）创造了这个名字，并于1942年开始在一份名为《扬克》（Yank）的每周军事杂志上发表。1964年，美国玩具公司孩之宝（Hasbro）在注意到竞争对手美泰（Mattel）在芭比娃娃（1959年推出）方面取得巨大成功后，首次推出了“G.I.Joe”，这是一款以军事为主题的男孩动作系列。

From 1946 to 1964, more than 76.4 million children were born in the United States. At the height of this baby boom, at an average of seven seconds, a child was born. Factors that contributed to the baby boom consisted of young couples who started families after putting off marriage during the War, government encouragement of growth of families through the aid of GI benefits, and popular culture that celebrated pregnancy, parenthood, and large families. Once the baby boom began, the average age for marriage in woman started decreased to 20 from 22. Couples were eager to have babies post-war due to the increased notion of safety in the world. Another cause of the baby boom was increased affordability to move to suburban areas and raise a family from the city. The cost of living in the suburbs was low, especially for returning soldiers.

从1946年到1964年，美国出生了7640多万名儿童。在婴儿潮的高峰期，平均7秒钟，一个孩子出生了。促成婴儿潮的因素包括战争期间推迟结婚后组建家庭的年轻夫妇，政府通过GI福利鼓励家庭成长，以及庆祝怀孕、为人父母和大家庭的流行文化。婴儿潮一开始，女性的平均结婚年龄就从22岁降至20岁。战后，由于人们对世界安全观念的提高，夫妻们都渴望生孩子。婴儿潮的另一个原因是人们越来越有能力搬到郊区，在城市里抚养一个家庭。郊区的生活成本很低，尤其是对于归来的士兵来说。

Many families were adopting popular culture including television and gadget purchases, opening credit card accounts, and buying mouse ears to wear while watching The Mickey Mouse Club. Once economists realized how many children were being born, concern arose about enough resources being available, especially when those born in the baby boom time period started having kids of their own. The Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show that aired intermittently from 1955 to 1996 and returned to social media in 2017.

许多家庭正在接受流行文化，包括购买电视和小玩意、开设信用卡账户，以及在观看米老鼠俱乐部时买老鼠耳朵戴。一旦经济学家意识到有多少孩子出生了，人们就开始担心是否有足够的资源可用，尤其是当出生在婴儿潮时期的人开始有自己的孩子时。《米老鼠俱乐部》是一部美国综艺电视剧，从1955年到1996年断断续续播出，2017年重返社交媒体。

Issues of the baby boom time period concerned the impact of population change on socioeconomic conditions. One economic impact was the concern of an increased dependency ratio as the baby boomers age and retire. The Census Bureau estimates that the dependency ratio in the United States will be 65 by 2020 and reach 75, the highest it has been since the 1960s and 1970s when those baby boomers were children. Further, the increasing population from the boom may increase demand for housing, transportation, facilities and food. An inability to meet the increasing population demands could lead to resource shortage and insufficient health care facilities and lead to deaths in the population.

婴儿潮时期的问题涉及人口变化对社会经济条件的影响。一个经济影响是，随着婴儿潮一代的老龄化和退休，抚养比会增加。美国人口普查局估计，到2020年，美国的抚养比将达到65，达到75，这是自1960年代和1970年代婴儿潮一代还是儿童以来的最高水平。此外，繁荣带来的人口增长可能会增加对住房、交通、设施和食品的需求。无法满足日益增长的人口需求可能导致资源短缺和医疗设施不足，并导致人口死亡。

2022 - (1946+1964) / 2 = 67

2020年上半年，美国人平均寿命为77.8岁，比2019年下降了1岁。美国疾控中心表示，美国上一次出现平均寿命下降1岁的情况还是在第二次世界大战期间。也许美国政府不是傻，是杀(人)呀。

The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the pressure on the productive population.

几个国家的人口抚养比趋势及对比 预见未来to50的专栏-CSDN博客  总抚养比 = 老龄人口抚养比 + 未成年人口抚养比

据《印度时报》报道，印度国际人口研究所科学家（IIPS）的一项最新研究，由于新冠疫情的原因，印度的预期寿命下降了大约两年。男性和女性的出生预期寿命从2019年的69.5岁和72岁分别下降到2020年的67.5岁和69.8岁。