Python自动化之pytest框架使用详解

pytest是一个非常成熟的全功能的Python测试框架,主要有以下几个特点:

  • 简单灵活,容易上手
  • 支持参数化
  • 能够支持简单的单元测试和复杂的功能测试,还可以用来做selenium/appnium等自动化测试、接口自动化测试(pytest+requests)
  • pytest具有很多第三方插件,并且可以自定义扩展,比较好用的如pytest-selenium(集成selenium)、pytest-html(完美html测试报告生成)、pytest-rerunfailures(失败case重复执行)、pytest-xdist(多CPU分发)等
  • 测试用例的skip和xfail处理
  • 可以很好的和jenkins集成
  • report框架----allure 也支持了pytest
  1. 安装
  2.  pip install -U pytest

   2.查看版本

    pytest --version

  3.用例编写规范

    •   测试文件以test_开头(以 _test结尾也可以)
    •   测试类以Test开头,并且不能带init方法
    •       测试函数以test_开头
    •       断言使用基本的assert即可

运行参数

  • 无参数
    • 读取路径下符合条件的所有类、函数、方法全部执行
  •  -v 
    • 打印详细运行日志
  • -s
    • 打印print输出
  • -k
    • 跳过运行某个或某些用例
    • pytest -k '类名'
    • pytest -k '方法名
    • pytest -k '类名 and not 方法名'   #运行类里所有方法,不包含某个方法
  • -x
    • 遇到用例失败立即停止运行
  • --maxfail
    • 用例失败数达到某个设定的值停止运行
    • pytest --maxfail=[num]
  • -m
    • 运行所有@pytest.mark.[标记名] 标记的用例

 框架结构

与unittest类似,执行前后会执行setup,teardown来增加用例的前置和后置条件。pytest框架使用setup,teardown更为灵活,按照用例运行级别可以分为以下几类

  • setup_module/teardown_module   模块级别,在模块始末调用
  • setup_function/teardown_function     函数级别,在函数始末调用(在类外部)
  • setup_class/teardown_class              类级别,每个类里面执行前后分别执行
  • setup_method/teardown_method       方法级别,在方法始末调用(在类中)
  • setup/teardown                               方法级别,在方法始末调用(在类中)

调用顺序:setup_module > setup_class >setup_method > setup > teardown > teardown_method > teardown_class > teardown_module

for example:

#!/usr/bin/env python 
# encoding: utf-8 
'''
@Auther:chenshifeng
@version: v1.0
@file: test_calc.py
@time: 2020/9/14 9:39 PM
'''
# 测试文件
import sys, os

import pytest

sys.path.append(os.pardir)

from pythoncode.calc import Calculator

# 模块级别,在模块始末调用
def setup_module():
    print('模块级别setup')


def teardown_module():
    print('模块级别teardown')

# 函数级别,在函数始末调用(在类外部)
def setup_function():
    print('函数级别setup')


def teardown_function():
    print('函数级别teardown')


def test_case1():
    print('testcase1')


class TestCalc:
    # setup_class,teardown_class 类级别每个类里面执行前后分别执行
    def setup_class(self):
        self.cal = Calculator()
        print('类级别setup')

    def teardown_class(self):
        print('类级别teardown')

    # 方法级别,每个方法里面的测试用例前后分别执行setup、teardown
    def setup(self):
        # self.cal = Calculator()
        print('setup')

    def teardown(self):
        print('teardown')

    # 方法级别,每个方法里面的测试用例前后分别执行setup、teardown
    def setup_method(self):
        # self.cal = Calculator()
        print('方法级别setup')

    def teardown_method(self):
        print('方法级别teardown')


    @pytest.mark.add
    def test_add1(self):
        # cal = Calculator()
        assert 3 == self.cal.add(1, 2)

    @pytest.mark.div
    def test_div(self):
        # cal = Calculator()
        assert 1 == self.cal.div(1, 1)

运行结果如下

Testing started at 11:05 下午 ...
/usr/local/bin/python3.6 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_calc.py
Launching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_calc.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 3 items

test_calc.py::test_case1 模块级别setup
函数级别setup
PASSED                                          [ 33%]testcase1
函数级别teardown

test_calc.py::TestCalc::test_add1 类级别setup
方法级别setup
setup
PASSED                                 [ 66%]teardown
方法级别teardown

test_calc.py::TestCalc::test_div 方法级别setup
setup
PASSED                                  [100%]teardown
方法级别teardown
类级别teardown
模块级别teardown


============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0

pytest参数化

Pytest是使用@pytest.mark.parametrize装饰器来实现数据驱动测试的

for example:

import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize('a,b,result', [
    (1, 1, 2),
    (2, 3, 5),
    (100, 200, 300)
])
def test_add(a, b, result):
    cal = Calculator()
    assert cal.add(a, b) == result

结果:

Testing started at 11:22 ...
"D:\Program Files\Python\python.exe" "D:\Program Files\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2020.2.1\plugins\python-ce\helpers\pycharm\_jb_pytest_runner.py" --target test_calc.py::test_add
Launching pytest with arguments test_calc.py::test_add in D:\chenshifeng\mycode\Python\test_pytest\testing

============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- D:\Program Files\Python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\chenshifeng\mycode\Python, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 3 items

test_calc.py::test_add[1-1-2] PASSED                                     [ 33%]
test_calc.py::test_add[2-3-5] PASSED                                     [ 66%]
test_calc.py::test_add[100-200-300] PASSED                               [100%]

============================== 3 passed in 0.03s ==============================

Process finished with exit code 0

修改结果显示名称

通过上面的运行结果,我们可以看到,为了区分参数化的运行结果,在结果中都会显示数据组合而成的名称。

数据短小还好说,如果数据比较长而复杂的话,那么就会很难看。

@pytest.mark.parametrize() 还提供了第三个 ids 参数来自定义显示结果。

import pytest

# 参数化
@pytest.mark.parametrize('a,b,result', [
    (1, 1, 2),
    (2, 3, 5),
    (100, 200, 300)
], ids=['int0', 'int1', 'int2'])  # 修改结果显示名称
def test_add(a, b, result):
    cal = Calculator()
    assert cal.add(a, b) == result

结果:

============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- D:\Program Files\Python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\chenshifeng\mycode\Python, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 3 items

test_calc.py::test_add[int0] PASSED                                      [ 33%]
test_calc.py::test_add[int1] PASSED                                      [ 66%]
test_calc.py::test_add[int2] PASSED                                      [100%]

============================== 3 passed in 0.03s ==============================

Process finished with exit code 0

pytest fixtures

fixture用途

pytest fixture 与setup,teardown功能一样,但比之更加灵活,完全可以代替setup,teardown

1.做测试前后的初始化设置,如测试数据准备,链接数据库,打开浏览器等这些操作都可以使用fixture来实现

2.测试用例的前置条件可以使用fixture实现

3.支持经典的xunit fixture ,像unittest使用的setup和teardown

4.fixture可以实现unittest不能实现的功能,比如unittest中的测试用例和测试用例之间是无法传递参数和数据的,但是fixture却可以解决这个问题

fixture定义

fixture通过@pytest.fixture()装饰器装饰一个函数,那么这个函数就是一个fixture

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_login.py
@time:2020/09/15
"""
import pytest


@pytest.fixture()
def login():
    print('登陆方法')
    yield   #激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown')

# 测试用例之前,先执行login方法
def test_case1(login):
    print('case1')

def test_case2():
    print('case2')

def test_case3():
    print('case3')

运行结果如下:

test_login.py::test_case2 
test_login.py::test_case3 

============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0
登陆方法
PASSED                                         [ 33%]case1
teardown
PASSED                                         [ 66%]case2
PASSED                                         [100%]case3

 

fixture作用范围(scope)

fixture里面有个scope参数可以控制fixture的作用范围:session > module > class > function
  • - function 每一个函数或方法都会调用,默认为function 
  • - class  每一个类调用一次,一个类可以有多个方法
  • - module,每一个.py文件调用一次,该文件内又有多个function和class
  • - session 是多个文件调用一次,可以跨.py文件调用,每个.py文件就是module

cope='function'

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_login.py
@time:2020/09/15
"""
import pytest


@pytest.fixture()   #默认为scope='function'
def login():
    print('登陆方法')
    yield ['username','passwd']  #激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown')

# 测试用例之前,先执行login方法
def test_case1(login):
    print(f'case1 login={login}')

def test_case2(login):
    print('case2')

def test_case3(login):
    print('case3')

运行结果如下:

Testing started at 12:02 上午 ...
/usr/local/bin/python3.6 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.py
Launching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 3 items

test_login.py::test_case1 
test_login.py::test_case2 
test_login.py::test_case3 

============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0
登陆方法
PASSED                                         [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
PASSED                                         [ 66%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
PASSED                                         [100%]case3
teardown

scope='module'

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_login.py
@time:2020/09/15
"""
import pytest


@pytest.fixture(scope='module')   #默认为scope='function'
def login():
    print('登陆方法')
    yield ['username','passwd']  #激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown')

# 测试用例之前,先执行login方法
def test_case1(login):
    print(f'case1 login={login}')

def test_case2(login):
    print('case2')

def test_case3(login):
    print('case3')
结果:
Testing started at 12:08 上午 ...
/usr/local/bin/python3.6 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.py
Launching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 3 items

test_login.py::test_case1 
test_login.py::test_case2 
test_login.py::test_case3 

============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0
登陆方法
PASSED                                         [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
PASSED                                         [ 66%]case2
PASSED                                         [100%]case3
teardown 

fixture自动调用(autouse=True)

autouse设置为True,自动调用fixture功能,无需额外继承

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_search.py
@time:2020/09/16
"""

import pytest


@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)  # 默认为scope='function'
def login():
    print('登陆方法')
    yield ['username', 'passwd']  # 激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown')
    
def test_search1():  #无需继承login
    print('搜索用例1')

def test_search2():
    print('搜索用例2')

结果:

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 2 items

test_search.py::test_search1 登陆方法
PASSED                                      [ 50%]搜索用例1
teardown

test_search.py::test_search2 登陆方法
PASSED                                      [100%]搜索用例2
teardown


============================== 2 passed in 0.01s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0

fixture参数化(params)

@pytest.fixture有一个params参数,接受一个列表,列表中每个数据都可以作为用例的输入。也就说有多少数据,就会形成多少用例。可以通过'''request.param'''来获取该次调用的参数

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_login.py
@time:2020/09/15
"""
import pytest


@pytest.fixture(params=['user1', 'user2', 'user3'])
def login(request):
    print('登陆方法')
    print('传入的参数为:'+request.param)  # 获取params参数
    yield ['username', 'passwd']  # 激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown')

# 测试用例之前,先执行login方法
def test_case1(login):
    print(f'case1 login={login}')

def test_case2(login):
    print('case2')

def test_case3(login):
    print('case3')

结果:

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 9 items

test_login.py::test_case1[user1] 
test_login.py::test_case1[user2] 
test_login.py::test_case1[user3] 
test_login.py::test_case2[user1] 
test_login.py::test_case2[user2] 
test_login.py::test_case2[user3] 
test_login.py::test_case3[user1] 登陆方法
传入的参数为:user1
PASSED                                  [ 11%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user2
PASSED                                  [ 22%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user3
PASSED                                  [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user1
PASSED                                  [ 44%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user2
PASSED                                  [ 55%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user3
PASSED                                  [ 66%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user1
PASSED                                  [ 77%]case3
teardown

test_login.py::test_case3[user2] 登陆方法
传入的参数为:user2
PASSED                                  [ 88%]case3
teardown

test_login.py::test_case3[user3] 登陆方法
传入的参数为:user3
PASSED                                  [100%]case3
teardown


============================== 9 passed in 0.06s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0

参数化与fixture结合(indirect=True)

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_cart.py
@time:2020/09/16
"""
import pytest


@pytest.fixture(params=['user1', 'user2', 'user3'])
def login(request):
    print('登陆方法')
    print('传入的参数为:' + str(request.param))  # 获取params参数
    yield ['username', 'passwd']  # 激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown')


# 参数化结合fixture使用
# 情况一:传入值和数据
# 情况二:传入一个fixture方法,将数据传入到fixture方法中,fixture使用request参数来接受这组数据,在方法体中使用request.param来接受这个数据
@pytest.mark.parametrize('login', [
    ('username1', 'passwd1'),
    ('username2', 'passwd2')
], indirect=True)
def test_cart3(login):
    print('购物车用例3')

结果:

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 2 items

test_cart.py::test_cart3[login0] 
test_cart.py::test_cart3[login1] 

============================== 2 passed in 0.02s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0
登陆方法
传入的参数为:('username1', 'passwd1')
PASSED                                  [ 50%]购物车用例3
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:('username2', 'passwd2')
PASSED                                  [100%]购物车用例3
teardown

conftest.py

1.conftest.py文件名字是固定的,不可以做任何修改

2.文件和用例文件在同一个目录下,那么conftest.py作用于整个目录

3.conftest.py文件不能被其他文件导入

4.所有同目录测试文件运行前都会执行conftest.py文件

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:conftest.py
@time:2020/09/15
"""

import pytest


@pytest.fixture(params=['user1', 'user2', 'user3'])
def login(request):
    print('登陆方法')
    print('传入的参数为:'+str(request.param))  # 获取params参数
    yield ['username', 'passwd']  # 激活fixture teardown方法
    print('teardown'
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_login.py
@time:2020/09/15
"""


# 测试用例之前,先执行login方法
import pytest


def test_case1(login):
    print(f'case1 login={login}')

@pytest.mark.usefixtures('login')
def test_case2():
    print('case2')
    # print(f'case1 login={login}')  #该方法无法获取返回值


def test_case3(login):
    print('case3')

运行test_login.py文件,结果如下

============================= test session starts ==============================
platform darwin -- Python 3.9.0, pytest-6.1.1, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.9
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.ini
plugins: allure-pytest-2.8.18
collecting ... collected 9 items

test_login.py::test_case1[user1] 
test_login.py::test_case1[user2] 
test_login.py::test_case1[user3] 
test_login.py::test_case2[user1] 
test_login.py::test_case2[user2] 
test_login.py::test_case2[user3] 
test_login.py::test_case3[user1] 登陆方法
传入的参数为:user1
PASSED                                  [ 11%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user2
PASSED                                  [ 22%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user3
PASSED                                  [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user1
PASSED                                  [ 44%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user2
PASSED                                  [ 55%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user3
PASSED                                  [ 66%]case2
teardown
登陆方法
传入的参数为:user1
PASSED                                  [ 77%]case3
teardown

test_login.py::test_case3[user2] 登陆方法
传入的参数为:user2
PASSED                                  [ 88%]case3
teardown

test_login.py::test_case3[user3] 登陆方法
传入的参数为:user3
PASSED                                  [100%]case3
teardown


============================== 9 passed in 0.04s ===============================

Process finished with exit code 0

 end

posted @ 2020-09-15 23:04  尘世风  阅读(4813)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
*/