python sys与shutil模块

sys模块与shutil模块

sys模块

import sys #读入sys

sys.argv           命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径

sys.exit(n)        退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)

sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息

sys.maxint         最大的Int值

sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值

sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称

sys.stdout.write('please:')

val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

使用sys.argv

import sys

print(sys.argv)

输入python systest.py 1 2 3 4 5

输出['systest.py', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5']

shutil模块 就是copy文件用的 高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

copyfileobj方法的使用

import shutil

f1=open('123.txt',encoding='utf-8')

f2=open('321.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')

shutil.copyfileobj(f1,f2)

copyfile方法，此方法也是调用copyfileobj完成的复制

import shutil

shutil.copyfile('123.txt','213.txt')

shutil.copymode(src, dst)仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst):

"""Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):

    st = os.stat(src)

    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)#只复制了权限

    os.chmod(dst, mode)

shutil.copystat(src, dst)拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):
"""Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
st = os.stat(src)

mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)

if hasattr(os, 'utime'):

    os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))

if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):

    os.chmod(dst, mode)

if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):

    try:

        os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)

    except OSError, why:

        for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':

            if hasattr(errno, err) and why.erro == getattr(errno, err):

                break

        else:

            raise

使用

import shutil
import os   
print('123.txt的属性',os.stat('123.txt'))

print('321.txt的属性',os.stat('321.txt'))  

print('-----------------------------')

shutil.copystat('123.txt','321.txt')

print('123.txt的属性',os.stat('123.txt'))

print('321.txt的属性',os.stat('321.txt'))

输出：
123.txt的属性 os.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=38843546786354155, st_dev=1178654058, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=104, st_atime=1497404453, st_mtime=1497404453, st_ctime=1497404442)

321.txt的属性 os.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=22517998137141947, st_dev=1178654058, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=121, st_atime=1497405718, st_mtime=1497405718, st_ctime=1497404522)

-----------------------------

123.txt的属性 os.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=38843546786354155, st_dev=1178654058, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=104, st_atime=1497404453, st_mtime=1497404453, st_ctime=1497404442)

321.txt的属性 os.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=22517998137141947, st_dev=1178654058, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=121, st_atime=1497404453, st_mtime=1497404453, st_ctime=1497404522)

shutil.copy(src, dst)拷贝文件和权限,源码里有两个方法，copyfile和copymode

def copy(src, dst):
"""Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
The destination may be a directory.

"""

if os.path.isdir(dst):


dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))


copyfile(src, dst)


copymode(src, dst)

shutil.copy2(src, dst)拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):
"""Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
The destination may be a directory.

"""

if os.path.isdir(dst):


dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))


copyfile(src, dst)


copystat(src, dst)

shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None) 递归的去拷贝文件， 例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns ('.pyc', 'tmp'))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
"""Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns


that are used to exclude files"""

def _ignore_patterns(path, names):


ignored_names = []


for pattern in patterns:


ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))


return set(ignored_names)


return _ignore_patterns

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().

The destination directory must not already exist.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the

source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if

it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic

links are copied.
The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it

is called with the src parameter, which is the directory

being visited by copytree(), and names which is the list of

src contents, as returned by os.listdir():
callable(src, names) -> ignored_names

Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be

called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a

list of names relative to the src directory that should

not be copied.
XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.
"""

names = os.listdir(src)

if ignore is not None:

ignored_names = ignore(src, names)

else:

ignored_names = set()
os.makedirs(dst)

errors = []

for name in names:

if name in ignored_names:

continue

srcname = os.path.join(src, name)

dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)

try:

if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):

linkto = os.readlink(srcname)

os.symlink(linkto, dstname)

elif os.path.isdir(srcname):

copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)

else:

# Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types

copy2(srcname, dstname)

# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can

# continue with other files

except Error, err:

errors.extend(err.args[0])

except EnvironmentError, why:

errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))

try:

copystat(src, dst)

except OSError, why:

if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):

# Copying file access times may fail on Windows

pass

else:

errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))

if errors:

raise Error, errors

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]]) 递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
"""Recursively delete a directory tree.
If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror

is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,

path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;

path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and

exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors

is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
"""

if ignore_errors:

def onerror(args):

pass

elif onerror is None:

def onerror(args):

raise

try:

if os.path.islink(path):

# symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669

raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")

except OSError:

onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())

# can't continue even if onerror hook returns

return

names = []

try:

names = os.listdir(path)

except os.error, err:

onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())

for name in names:

fullname = os.path.join(path, name)

try:

mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode

except os.error:

mode = 0

if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):

rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)

else:

try:

os.remove(fullname)

except os.error, err:

onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())

try:

os.rmdir(path)

except os.error:

onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

shutil.move(src, dst)递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst):
"""Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command.
If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source

is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already

exist.
If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be

overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.

Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.

A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of

the issues this implementation glosses over.
"""

real_dst = dst

if os.path.isdir(dst):

if _samefile(src, dst):

# We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,

# perform the rename anyway.

os.rename(src, dst)

return
real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
if os.path.exists(real_dst):
    raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst

try:

os.rename(src, real_dst)

except OSError:

if os.path.isdir(src):

if _destinsrc(src, dst):

raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)

copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)

rmtree(src)

else:

copy2(src, real_dst)

os.unlink(src)

shutil.makearchive(basename, format,...) 创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

1. base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径， 如：www =>保存至当前路径 如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
2. format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
3. root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
4. owner： 用户，默认当前用户
5. group： 组，默认当前组

6. logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象

   import shutil shutil.make_archive('hello','zip',r'C:\Users\My\PycharmProjects\ATM\wjtest')

源码

def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
             dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
"""Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific

extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"

or "gztar".
'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the

archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the

archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;

ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and

directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default

to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.
'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,

uses the current owner and group.

"""

save_cwd = os.getcwd()

if root_dir is not None:

if logger is not None:

logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)

base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)

if not dry_run:

os.chdir(root_dir)
if base_dir is None:

base_dir = os.curdir
kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
try:

format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]

except KeyError:

raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format
func = format_info[0]

for arg, val in format_info[1]:

kwargs[arg] = val
if format != 'zip':

kwargs['owner'] = owner

kwargs['group'] = group
try:

filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)

finally:

if root_dir is not None:

if logger is not None:

logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)

os.chdir(save_cwd)
return filename

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

#zip压缩
import zipfile
z=zipfile.ZipFile('hello.zip','w')
z.write('name.xml')
z.write('name2.xml')
z.close()
# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('hello.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()
import tarfile
tar压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')

tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')

tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')

tar.close()
解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')

tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址

tar.close()