Java Selenium实战秘籍：快速搭建自动化测试框架
在软件测试领域，自动化测试已成为提升效率和质量的关键。
本文是一篇面向开发人员和测试工程师的实战教程，详细介绍了如何在Mac系统上搭建Java Selenium自动化测试环境，包括Maven、Java、Selenium和ChromeDriver的安装与配置。
文章还通过具体示例，展示了如何结合Cucumber实现行为驱动开发（BDD）测试，从环境搭建到测试脚本编写，再到运行测试，内容丰富且实用。
无论是初学者还是有一定经验的工程师，都能从中获得有价值的参考。
从Maven官网https://maven.apache.org/download.cgi下载stable版本，
本次下载的是Stable 3.8.8 Release，下载后解压缩，把maven文件夹放置到本地路径，如“/Users/pingguo/Documents/apache-maven-3.8.8”
输入sudo vim .bash_profile,打开编辑页，输入i（input）进入编辑模式，输入命令
export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/your/program
按esc退出编辑模式，再按shift+：wq，保存并退出。
通过env命令查看所有环境变量，找到上述路径则表示添加成功。
如不生效，则输入命令vim ~/.bashrc
export PATH=/usr/local/maven/bin:$PATH
输入source ~/.bashrc使生效
然后输入mvn -v得到：
Apache Maven 3.8.8 (4c87b05d9aedce574290d1acc98575ed5eb6cd39) Maven home:/usr/local/maven Java version: 21.0.5，vendor: Oracle Corporation, runtime:/Library/Java/JavaVir tualMachines/jdk-21.jdk/Contents/Home Default locale: zh_CN_#Hans, platform encoding:UTF-8 OS name: "mac os x", version:"15.2", arch:"aarch64", family: "mac"
在IntelliJ Idea新建maven project，pom.xml里复制依赖。
可打开
https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-java/3.141.59，（找到usage最多的版本）复制pom到所建项目的pom文件里，修改后的如下
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>.testauto</groupId>
<artifactId>test</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<!-- selenium依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.141.59</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
在https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng/7.1.0查询testng，复制依赖添加到pom.xml。
安装jdk，默认mac不用配置环境变量。
下载selenium，
https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/index.html?path=3.9/。
安装依赖，右上角设置页->project structure->Modules，新增Dependencies，导入jar包。
下载chromedriver驱动，复制到IJ的bin文件夹下
安装java，配置环境变量，编辑环境变量文件
vim ~/.bash_profile
按住i，输入
JAVA_HOME="/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-21.jdk/Contents/Home"
export JAVA_HOME
CLASS_PATH="$JAVA_HOME/lib"
PATH=".$PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin"
按esc退出，按住shift：wq保存并退出编辑
执行命令使配置生效:source .bash_profile
在终端输入java -version验证：
java -version java version "21.0.5"2024-10-15 LTS Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment(build 21.0.5+9-LTS-239) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 21.0.5+9-LTS-239，mixed mode, sharing)
然后在src/test/java下新建package，可命名为com.test,再新建class，命名为FirstWebTest，添加代码：
package com.test; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver; public class FirstWebTest { public static void main(String []args) { ChromeDriver chromeDriver = new ChromeDriver(); } }
执行java application时报错，
下载chromedriver，几番寻找，终于找到含有最新版chrome的driver下载网址，
https://registry.npmmirror.com/binary.html?path=chrome-for-testing/
把下载好的对应版本复制到src/test/resources下。
本次chrome版本是131.0.6778.265。
将下载的driver放到/usr/local/bin中
sudo mv /Users/pingguo/Downloads/chromedriver-mac-arm64/chromedriver /usr/local/bin
再执行run as java application时提示无法打开chromedriver，因为无法验证开发者，因为mac不信任下载的webdriver文件，打开安全隐私模式添加信任即可：
sudo xattr -d com.apple.
quarantine /usr/local/bin/chromedriver
在控制台启动chromedriver，得到如下
chromedriver Starting ChromeDriver 131.0.6778.264 (2d05e31515360f4da764174f7c448b33e36da871-refs/branch-heads/6778@{#4323}) on port 0 Only local connections are allowed. Please see https://chromedriver.chromium.org/security-considerations for suggestions on keeping ChromeDriver safe. ChromeDriver was started successfully on port 54241.
打开百度
package come.autotest; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver; import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass; import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass; import org.testng.annotations.Test; import java.nio.file.Path; import java.nio.file.Paths; public class webtest { public WebDriver webDriver; @BeforeClass public void setUp(){ Path p1 = Paths.get("src","drivers", "chromedriver"); System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver",p1.toAbsolutePath().toString()); //创建浏览器实例 webDriver = new ChromeDriver(); } @Test public void openHomepage() throws InterruptedException { webDriver.manage().window().maximize(); webDriver.get("https://www.baidu.com"); Thread.sleep(2); } @AfterClass public void tearDown(){ webDriver.quit(); } }
在pom.xml中添加依赖
<dependency> <groupId>io.cucumber</groupId> <artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId> <version>7.15.0</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
为避免后面用到把junit依赖也加上
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-junit --> <dependency> <groupId>io.cucumber</groupId> <artifactId>cucumber-junit</artifactId> <version>7.15.0</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
在终端输入，以新建cucumber项目
mvn archetype:generate \ "-DarchetypeGroupId=io.cucumber" \ "-DarchetypeArtifactId=cucumber-archetype" \ "-DarchetypeVersion=7.15.0" \ "-DgroupId=hellocucumber" \ "-DartifactId=hellocucumber" \ "-Dpackage=hellocucumber" \ "-Dversion=1.0.0-SNAPSHOT" \
安装成功后显示如下
[INFO] Project created from Archetype in dir: /Users/pingguo/hellocucumber [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 0.744 s
在刚创建的项目文件夹下打开项目，cd hellocucumber
在IntelliJ Idea中打开这个项目
这时就拥有一个cucumber的第一个项目了。
为了确保项目工作正常，在打开的路径下来运行cucumber，继续在终端执行命令：
mvn test
得到结果如下，有一份示例的测试通过：
[INFO] Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest Scenario: The example # hellocucumber/example.feature:3 Given an example scenario # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.anExampleScenario() When all step definitions are implemented # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.allStepDefinitionsAreImplemented() Then the scenario passes # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.theScenarioPasses() [INFO] Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.109 s -- in hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest [INFO] [INFO] Results: [INFO] [INFO] Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 01:04 min
在src/test/resources/hellocucumber/example.feature文件中，看到有示例的场景.scenario已经被定义好：
Feature: An example
Scenario: The example
Given an example scenario
When all step definitions are implemented
Then the scenario passes
现在来把它写成另一个场景：来验证周六不是周五
Feature:Is it Friday yet?
Everyone wants to know when it's Friday
Scenario: Saturday isn't Friday
Given today is Saturday
When I ask whether it's Friday yet
Then I should be told "No"
最好命名一个与内容相近的文件名，如is_friday_yet.feature。
cucumber是这样执行的，首先第一行以Feature开头，描述名称，与文件名相近，接着第四行以Scenario关键词开头验证场景，末三行分别以Given、When、Then关键词来展开场景的步骤。
再次执行mvn test，会收到一个步骤未被定义的错误：
[ERROR] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 1, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.135 s <<< FAILURE! -- in hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest [ERROR] Is it Friday yet?.Saturday isn't Friday -- Time elapsed: 0.024 s <<< ERROR! io.cucumber.junit.platform.engine.UndefinedStepException: The step 'today is Saturday' and 2 other step(s) are undefined.
根据提示于是在
src/test/java/hellocucumber/StepDefinitions.java中定义：
@Given("today is Saturday")
public void today_is_saturday() {
// Write code here that turns the phrase above into concrete actions
// throw new io.cucumber.java.PendingException();
}
@When("I ask whether it's Friday yet")
public void i_ask_whether_it_s_friday_yet() {
// Write code here that turns the phrase above into concrete actions
// throw new io.cucumber.java.PendingException();
}
@Then("I should be told {string}")
public void i_should_be_told(String string) {
// Write code here that turns the phrase above into concrete actions
// throw new io.cucumber.java.PendingException();
}
再次运行mvn test，得到的结果通过了✅：
[INFO] Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest Scenario: The example # hellocucumber/example.feature:3 Given an example scenario # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.anExampleScenario() When all step definitions are implemented # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.allStepDefinitionsAreImplemented() Then the scenario passes # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.theScenarioPasses() Scenario: Saturday isn't Friday # hellocucumber/is_friday_yet.feature:4 Given today is Saturday # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.today_is_saturday() When I ask whether it's Friday yet # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.i_ask_whether_it_s_friday_yet() Then I should be told "No" # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.i_should_be_told(java.lang.String) [INFO] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.110 s -- in hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest [INFO] [INFO] Results: [INFO] [INFO] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 1.475 s
接下来充实一下代码
class IsItFriday { static String isItFriday(String today) { return "No"; } } public class StepDefinitions { private String today; private String actualAnswer; @Given("today is Saturday") public void today_is_Saturday() { today = "Saturday"; } @When("I ask whether it's Friday yet") public void i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet() { actualAnswer = IsItFriday.isItFriday(today); } @Then("I should be told {string}") public void i_should_be_told(String expectedAnswer) { assertEquals(expectedAnswer, actualAnswer); }
再次运行得到：
[INFO] Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest Scenario: The example # hellocucumber/example.feature:3 Given an example scenario # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.anExampleScenario() When all step definitions are implemented # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.allStepDefinitionsAreImplemented() Then the scenario passes # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.theScenarioPasses() Scenario: Saturday isn't Friday # hellocucumber/is_friday_yet.feature:4 Given today is Saturday # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.today_is_Saturday() When I ask whether it's Friday yet # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet() Then I should be told "No" # hellocucumber.StepDefinitions.i_should_be_told(java.lang.String) [INFO] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.114 s -- in hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest [INFO] [INFO] Results: [INFO] [INFO] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] -------------------------------------------------------------- [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
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