Learn Python the Hard Way，ex37-2

本练习为复习python的符号和关键字

数据类型有：True False None Strings numbers floats lists dict tuple set

"""
Data Types
True False None Strings numbers floats lists dict tuple set
"""
dicts = {'1':'apple', '2':"pear", 3:"bear", 4:5, 'aa':6.1, 'bb':1.1, 5.1:"cc", 6.1:"beach"}
lists = ['1', '2', 'a', 'afds', 3, 463]
tuples = ('1', '2', 'a', 'afds', 3, 463)
sets = {'1', '2', 'a', 'afds', 3, 463}
string = "strings"
boo1, boo2 = True, False
num1, num2, num3, num4 = 9, 0.5, complex(1, 0), complex(0, 5)
bit1, bit2 = 0x11, 0x12

# number: real(int float) complex  
print(type(boo1))
print(type(None))
print(type(string))
print(type(num1))
print(type(num2))
print(type(num3))
print(type(lists))
print(type(dicts))
print(type(tuples))
print(type(sets))
输出结果：

<class 'bool'>
<class 'NoneType'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'complex'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'dict'>
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'set'>

String Escape Sequences：\\ \' \'' \a \b \f \n \r \t \v

Operators：+ - * ** / // % < > <= >= == != <> () [] {} @ , : . = ; += -= *= /= //= %= **+
其中：() [] {} @ , : . ;现不知怎么使用

string = "strings"
num1, num2, num3, num4 = 9, 0.5, complex(1, 0), complex(0, 5)
bit1, bit2 = 0x11, 0x12

#operators
print("1*%5d" % (num1 + num2))  # addition
print("2*%3.1f, %3.1F" % ((num1 - num2), (num1 - num2)))  # subtraction
print("3*", num3 * num4)  # multiplication
print("4*", num3 / num4)  # division
print("5*%e, %E" % ((num1 % num2), (num1 % num2)))  # remainder
print("6*", num1 // num2)  # x//y "divmod(x,y)[0] * y + x % y"
print("7*", num1 ** num2)  # pow
print("8*", num1 < num2)  # less-than
print("9*", num1 <= num2)  # less-than-equal
print("1", num1 > num2)  # greater-than
print("2", num1 >= num2)  # greater-than-equal
print("3", num1 != num2)  # un-equal
#print("4", num1 <> num2)  # un-equal
print("5", num1 == num2)  # equal
print("6-%g, %G" % ((num1 and num2), (num1 and num2)))  # and
print("7", num1 or num2)  # or
print("8", not num2)  # not
print("9, 10-%d, 8-o%o, 16-0x%x" % ((bit1 & bit2), (bit1 & bit2), (bit1 & bit2)))  # and
print("ar-%r, u-%-7u, X-%X" % ((bit1 | bit2), (bit1 | bit2), (bit1 | bit2)))  # or
print("b%%", bit1 ^ bit2)  # not 
print("c", bit2>>1)  # shift right
print("d", bit2<<1)  # shift left
print("*%s" % string)
print("*%c" % string[0])


#binary operation
num1 += num2
print("e", num1)
num1 -= num2
print("f", num1)
num1 *= num2
print("g", num1)
num1 /= num2
print("h", num1)
num1 //= num2
print("i", num1)
num1 **= num2
print("j", num1)
bit1 >>= 1
print("k", bit1)
bit1 <<= 1
print("l", bit1)
bit1 &= bit2
print("m", bit1)
bit1 |= bit2
print("n", bit1)
bit1 ^= bit2
print("o", bit1)
输出结果

1* 9
2*8.5, 8.5
3* 5j
4* -0.2j
5*0.000000e+00, 0.000000E+00
6* 18.0
7* 3.0
8* False
9* False
1 True
2 True
3 True
5 False
6-0.5, 0.5
7 9
8 False
9, 10-16, 8-o20, 16-0x10
ar-19, u-19 , X-13
b%% 3
c 9
d 36
*strings
*s
e 9.5
f 9.0
g 4.5
h 9.0
i 18.0
j 4.242640687119285
k 8
l 16
m 16
n 18
o 0

String Formats：%d %i %o %u %x %X %e %E %f %F %g %G %c %r %s %%

string = "strings"
#String Escape Sequence 
print("p-" + string + '\\' + string)
print("q-" + string + '\'' + string)
print("r-" + string + '\"' + string)
print("s-" + string + '\a' + string)
print("t-" + string + '\b' + string)
print("u-" + string + '\f' + string)
print("v-" + string + '\n' + string)
print("w-" + string + '\r' + string)
print("x-" + string + '\t' + string)
print("y-" + string + '\v' + string)
输出结果：

p-strings\strings
q-strings'strings
r-strings"strings
s-stringsstrings
t-stringstrings
u-stringsstrings
v-strings
strings
stringsgs
x-strings strings
y-stringsstrings

 tuple:元组  tuple(iterable=(), /)  

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
| If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.
| If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

tuples = ('1', '2', 3, 4, 'aa', 'bb', 5.1, 6.1,'1')
#output
print(tuples)
print(tuples[0:3])
for i in range(len(tuples)):
 print(tuples[i])
#functions
print(tuples.count('1'))    #Return number of occurrences of value.
print(tuples.index(3))  #Return first index of value.
输出结果：

('1', '2', 3, 4, 'aa', 'bb', 5.1, 6.1, '1')
('1', '2', 3)
1
2
3
4
aa
bb
5.1
6.1
1
2
2 

 list列表

 If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.

| The argument must be an iterable if specified.

lists = ['1', '3', 5, 3] 
#select
print(lists)
print(lists[0:3])
print(lists.index(3)) #  Return first index of value.

['1', '3', 5, 3]
['1', '3', 5]
3

#+(append\copy\insert\extend)
lists.append('3') #+ Append object to the end of the list.
print(lists)
lists1 = lists.copy() #++ Return a shallow copy of the list.
print(lists1)
lists.insert(0, 'aas') #+ Insert object before index.
print(lists)
lists.extend('te') #+* Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
print(lists)

['1', '3', 5, 3, '3']
['1', '3', 5, 3, '3']
['aas', '1', '3', 5, 3, '3']
['aas', '1', '3', 5, 3, '3', 't', 'e']

#-(remove\pop\clear)
lists.remove('aas') #- Remove first occurrence of value.
print(lists)
lists.pop(-3) #- Remove and return item at index (default last).
print(lists)
lists.clear() #- Remove all items from list.
print(lists)

['1', '3', 5, 3, '3', 't', 'e']
['1', '3', 5, 3, 't', 'e']
[]

lists.extend('temp')
#sort
lists.reverse()
print(lists) # Reverse *IN PLACE*.
lists.sort()
print(lists) #Sort the list in ascending order and return None

['p', 'm', 'e', 't']
['e', 'm', 'p', 't']

#others
print(lists.count('e'))
1

 set（集合）: Build an unordered collection of unique elements. 

sets = {'4', 3, 2, 'aa', 'bb'}
sets1 = {'7', '4', 3, 2, 'cc', 'dd'}
# select
print(sets)
{'aa', 2, 3, '4', 'bb'}

# new(copy\difference)
sets2 = sets.copy() #+ Return a shallow copy of a set.
print(sets2)
sets3 = sets1.difference(sets) # Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
print(sets3)
set4 = sets1.intersection(sets) # Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
print(set4)
set5 = sets1.union(sets) # Return the union of sets as a new set.
print(set5)
set5 = sets1.symmetric_difference(sets) # Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
print(set5)
{'aa', 2, 3, '4', 'bb'}
{'cc', 'dd', '7'}
{'4', 2, 3}
{2, 3, 'dd', '7', 'aa', '4', 'bb', 'cc'}\
{'bb', 'cc', 'dd', 'aa', '7'}

# +(add)
sets.add('ee') #+ Add an element to a set.
print(sets)
{'aa', 2, 3, '4', 'bb', 'ee'}

# update(difference_update)
sets3.difference_update(sets) # Remove all elements of another set from this set.
print(sets3)
# update(difference_update)
sets3.intersection_update(sets) #  Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.
print(sets3)
sets3.symmetric_difference_update(sets) #  Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.
print(sets3)
{'7', 'dd', 'cc'}
set()
{2, 3, '4', 'ee', 'bb', 'aa'}

# -(discard\clear)
sets2.remove('aa') #-  Remove an element from a set if it is a member. ERROEKEY
print(sets2)
sets2.discard('aa') #-  Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
print(sets2)
sets2.clear() #- Remove all elements from this set.
print(sets2)
{2, 3, '4', 'bb'}
set()

# other
print(sets1.isdisjoint(sets)) # Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
print(sets1.isdisjoint(sets)) # Report whether another set contains this set.
print(sets1.issuperset(sets)) # Report whether this set contains another set.
False
False
False

dict 字典

dicts = {1:'a', 2:'ss', 'apple':'A', 'bear':'D'}
dicts1 = {4:'d', 2:'r', 'beach':3, 'bear':'D'}

# new(fromkeys\copy)
dicts2 = dicts.fromkeys(dicts, 'default') # Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
print(dicts2)
dict3 = dicts.copy() # D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
print(dict3)
{1: 'default', 2: 'default', 'apple': 'default', 'bear': 'default'}
{1: 'a', 2: 'ss', 'apple': 'A', 'bear': 'D'}

# select(copy\get\items\keys\values)
print(dicts.get(1)) # Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
print(dicts.items()) # D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
print(dicts.keys()) # D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
print(dicts.values()) # D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
a
dict_items([(1, 'a'), (2, 'ss'), ('apple', 'A'), ('bear', 'D')])
dict_keys([1, 2, 'apple', 'bear'])
dict_values(['a', 'ss', 'A', 'D'])

# +(setdefault)
print(dicts.setdefault(3, 'bb')) # Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
print(dicts) # Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
bb
{1: 'a', 2: 'ss', 'apple': 'A', 'bear': 'D', 3: 'bb'}

# update(update)
print("\ncomparecomparecomparecomparecompare")
dicts.update(dicts1) # D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
print(dicts)
{1: 'a', 2: 'r', 'apple': 'A', 'bear': 'D', 3: 'bb', 4: 'd', 'beach': 3}

# -(pop\clear)
dicts.pop('apple') #  D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
print(dicts)
for i in dict3.popitem(): #  Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.
 print(i)
print(dict3)
dicts.clear() #  D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.
print(dicts)
{1: 'a', 2: 'r', 'bear': 'D', 3: 'bb', 4: 'd', 'beach': 3}
bear
D
{1: 'a', 2: 'ss', 'apple': 'A'}
{}

 tuple+list+set+dict的汇总

 string: 字符串

string = "this IS a string \t example."

# select
print(string)
print(string[0])
print(string[0:3])
print(string.find('t')) # Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
print(string.rfind('t')) # Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found ERROR
print(string.index('t')) # Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
print(string.rindex('t')) #  Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not  found.
this IS a string      example.
t
thi
0
11
0
11

# new
string3 = string.center(30, 'i')
print(string3.capitalize()) # Return a capitalized version of the string.
print(string3.expandtabs(4)) # Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
print(string3.join(string1)) # Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
print(string3.lower()) # Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
print(string3.upper()) # Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
print(string3.swapcase()) # Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.
print(string3.title()) # Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
Ithis is a string      example.ii
ithis IS a string    example.ii
aithis IS a string      example.iibithis IS a string      example.iic
ithis is a string      example.ii
ITHIS IS A STRING      EXAMPLE.II
ITHIS is A STRING      EXAMPLE.II
Ithis Is A String      Example.Ii

# split
string3 = "this is a \n string \t example."
print("****", string3.partition(' ')) # (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before  it,the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not found, return S and two empty strings.
print(string3.rpartition(' ')) # (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
print(string3.split(' ')) # Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the delimiter string.
print(string3.rsplit(' ')) # Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
print(string3.splitlines(False)) # \n分割 Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
print(string3.replace(' ','*')) # Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
**** ('this', ' ', 'is a \n string \t example.')
('this is a \n string \t', ' ', 'example.')
['this', 'is', 'a', '\n', 'string', '\t', 'example.']
['this', 'is', 'a', '\n', 'string', '\t', 'example.']
['this is a ', ' string \t example.']
this*is*a*
*string*    *example.

# other
print(string.count(' ')) # S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
#print(string.swapcase()) # Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.
trantab = str.maketrans('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz','ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
print(string.translate(trantab)) # 第二个参数加不进去？？ Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
5
THIS IS A STRING      EXAMPLE.

# just
string4 = string.center(30, '*')
print(string.center(40, '*')) # Return a centered string of length width.
print(string4.zfill(40)) # 右对齐+0 Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
print(string4.ljust(40)) # 左对齐 Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
print(string4.rjust(40)) # 右对齐 Return S right-justified in a string of length width.
print(string4.strip('*')) # 左右删除 Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing whitespace removed.
print(string4.rstrip('*')) # 右删除 Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing whitespace removed.
print(string4.lstrip('*')) # 左删除 Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed
******this IS a string      example.*******
0000000000*this IS a string      example.**
*this IS a string      example.**          
          *this IS a string      example.**
this IS a string      example.
*this IS a string      example.
this IS a string      example.**

# judge
print(string.endswith('789')) # S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
print(string.startswith('a')) # Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
print(string2.isalnum()) # Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
print(string1.isalpha()) # Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
print(string2.isdigit()) # Return True if all characters in S are digits and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
print(string1.islower()) # Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
print(string1.isupper()) # Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
print(string1.isspace()) # Return True if all characters in S are whitespace and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
print(string1.istitle()) # Return True if S is a titlecased string
False
False
True
True
True
True
False
False
False

# format
print("string is :%s"%string)
# print(f"string is :{string}")  # python3
print(string.format('s')) # 这个不太会用 Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs. The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
"""
标准编码格式：将文字/数字/其他对应编成信息/数据等信息
各国家：
ASCII（American  Standard Code Information Interchange） 128个代码 0~9 a~z A~Z +-*/\% ,.':;=><?@(){}&!~
ANSI 0x80~oxFFFF:GB2312(中文) GBK(Chinese Internal Code Specification) GB18030(信息交换用汉字编码字符集) JIS（window-日文）
UNICODE：各种语言中使用到的所有字符 UTF-8(Universal Character Set/Unicode Transformation Format)
"""
string_utf_8 = string.encode('utf-8') # Encode the string using the codec registered for encoding.
string_gbk = string.encode('gbk') 
print(string_utf_8)
print(string_gbk)
print(string_utf_8.decode('utf-8')) # S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
print(string_gbk.decode('gbk'))
string is :this IS a string      example.
this IS a string      example.
b'this IS a string \t example.'
b'this IS a string \t example.'
this IS a string      example.
this IS a string      example.