Python设计模式中单例模式的实现及在Tornado中的应用

单例模式的实现方式
将类实例绑定到类变量上
class Singleton(object):
_instance = None

def new(cls, *args):
if not isinstance(cls._instance, cls):
cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).new(cls, *args)
return cls._instance

但是子类在继承后可以重写__new__以失去单例特性

class D(Singleton):

def new(cls, *args):
return super(D, cls).new(cls, *args)

使用装饰器实现

def singleton(_cls):
inst = {}

def getinstance(args, **kwargs):
if _cls not in inst:
inst[_cls] = _cls(
args, **kwargs)
return inst[_cls]
return getinstance

@singleton
class MyClass(object):
pass

问题是这样装饰以后返回的不是类而是函数,当然你可以singleton里定义一个类来解决问题,但这样就显得很麻烦了

使用__metaclass__,这个方式最推荐

class Singleton(type):
_inst = {}

def call(cls, args, **kwargs):
if cls not in cls._inst:
cls._inst[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).call(
args)
return cls._inst[cls]

class MyClass(object):
metaclass = Singleton

Tornado中的单例模式运用
来看看tornado.IOLoop中的单例模式:
class IOLoop(object):

@staticmethod
def instance():
"""Returns a global IOLoop instance.

Most applications have a single, global IOLoop running on the
main thread. Use this method to get this instance from
another thread. To get the current thread's IOLoop, use current().
"""
if not hasattr(IOLoop, "_instance"):
with IOLoop._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(IOLoop, "_instance"):
# New instance after double check
IOLoop._instance = IOLoop()
return IOLoop._instance

为什么这里要double check?来看个这里面简单的单例模式,先来看看代码:

class Singleton(object):

@staticmathod
def instance():
if not hasattr(Singleton, '_instance'):
Singleton._instance = Singleton()
return Singleton._instance

在 Python 里,可以在真正的构造函数__new__里做文章:

class Singleton(object):

def new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).new(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return cls._instance

这种情况看似还不错,但是不能保证在多线程的环境下仍然好用,看图:
201632180733229.png (683×463)

出现了多线程之后,这明显就是行不通的。

1.上锁使线程同步
上锁后的代码:

import threading

class Singleton(object):

_instance_lock = threading.Lock()

@staticmethod
def instance():
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, '_instance'):
Singleton._instance = Singleton()
return Singleton._instance

这里确实是解决了多线程的情况,但是我们只有实例化的时候需要上锁,其它时候Singleton._instance已经存在了,不需要锁了,但是这时候其它要获得Singleton实例的线程还是必须等待,锁的存在明显降低了效率,有性能损耗。

2.全局变量
在 Java/C++ 这些语言里还可以利用全局变量的方式解决上面那种加锁(同步)带来的问题:

class Singleton {

private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();

private Singleton() {}

public static Singleton getInstance() {
return instance;
}

}

在 Python 里就是这样了:

class Singleton(object):

@staticmethod
def instance():
return _g_singleton

_g_singleton = Singleton()

def get_instance():

return _g_singleton

但是如果这个类所占的资源较多的话,还没有用这个实例就已经存在了,是非常不划算的,Python 代码也略显丑陋……

所以出现了像tornado.IOLoop.instance()那样的double check的单例模式了。在多线程的情况下,既没有同步(加锁)带来的性能下降,也没有全局变量直接实例化带来的资源浪费。

3.装饰器

如果使用装饰器,那么将会是这样:
import functools

def singleton(cls):
''' Use class as singleton. '''

cls.new_original = cls.new

@functools.wraps(cls.new)
def singleton_new(cls, *args, **kw):
it = cls.dict.get('it')
if it is not None:
return it

cls.__it__ = it = cls.__new_original__(cls, *args, **kw)
it.__init_original__(*args, **kw)
return it

cls.new = singleton_new
cls.init_original = cls.init
cls.init = object.init

return cls

Sample use:

@singleton
class Foo:
def new(cls):
cls.x = 10
return object.new(cls)

def init(self):
assert self.x == 10
self.x = 15

assert Foo().x == 15
Foo().x = 20
assert Foo().x == 20

def singleton(cls):
instance = cls()
instance.call = lambda: instance
return instance

Sample use

@singleton
class Highlander:
x = 100

Of course you can have any attributes or methods you like.

Highlander() is Highlander() is Highlander #=> True
id(Highlander()) == id(Highlander) #=> True
Highlander().x == Highlander.x == 100 #=> True
Highlander.x = 50
Highlander().x == Highlander.x == 50 #=> True

posted @ 2018-08-15 19:09  公众号python学习开发  阅读(566)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报