C语言中的内存管理与双向链表

【@.1 简介】

数据结构与内存管理是不可分割的,特别是在C语言中,对于指针的处理必须非常小心。通常我们在用动态内存分配时会调用malloc()函数为指针分配内存,但是在嵌入式编程时我并不喜欢使用malloc系列函数,宁可自己建立一个数组,需要使用时从数组里面分配空间。我曾经的博客《uCOS-II中的内存管理--C语言构建完整的微型动态内存管理机制》一文中介绍了在uCOS中的动态内存管理机制,那种方法的确十分好用,而且实际上我们也经常这样用。现在考虑自己构建一个简单的内存管理,主要用于对链表进行内存分配。下面循序渐进地介绍了几种方法来实现设计双向链表时的内存分配。

【方法一:简单的数组】

最简单的方法就是在全局声明一个数组,将所有链表所需涉及到的内存分配全部放在这里面。这种方法并没有深化到内存管理的地步,没有内存回收、内存分配的完整机制,仅仅是简单的将双向链表与数组链接在一起,可以实现比较初级的功能.

/************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void memclr(unsigned char* pdest, int size){
    while(size>0){
        *pdest++=(unsigned char)0;
        size--;
    }
}
#define MAX_SIZE  10
typedef struct {
    void* previous;
    void* next;
    int  value;
}A_Type;
static A_Type array[MAX_SIZE];

void Init_Q(void* start, int size){
    A_Type* ptr1, *ptr2;
    memclr((unsigned char*)start,sizeof(A_Type)*size);
    ptr1 = (A_Type*)start;
    ptr2 = ptr1+1;
    while(size>1){
        ptr1->next = ptr2;
        ptr2->previous = ptr1;
        ptr1++;
        ptr2++;
        size--;
    }
}
int main(void) {
    A_Type *ptr;
    Init_Q(array,MAX_SIZE);
    ptr = &array[0];
    while(ptr != (void*)0){
        printf("%d, ",ptr->value);
        ptr=(A_Type*)ptr->next;
    }
    ptr = &array[5];
    printf("\n");
    while(ptr != (void*)0){
        printf("%d, ",ptr->value);
        ptr = (A_Type*)ptr->previous;
    }
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/************************************************************/

【方法二:使用malloc动态分配内存】

这种方法是很多人比较喜欢用的。虽然我并不喜欢用它,但是还是写了些这种方法。最大的好处就是,没有了全局变量,可以让程序变得很干净。所有链表中需要用到的内存都是动态分配申请的。

/************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct{
    void * previous;
    void * next;
    int value;
}List_Type;
void  MemClr(unsigned char * pdest, int size){
    while(size>0){
        *pdest++ = (unsigned char)0;
        size--;
    }
}
void  Add_Node(List_Type * preNode, int newValue){
    List_Type * newNode  = (List_Type*)malloc(sizeof(List_Type));
    List_Type * nextNode ;
    if(preNode == (void*)0)
        return ;
    nextNode = (List_Type*)preNode->next;

    MemClr((unsigned char*)newNode, sizeof(List_Type));
    newNode->value = newValue;

    preNode->next = newNode;
    newNode->previous = preNode;
    newNode->next = nextNode;
    if(nextNode != (void*)0)        //if Not the end of the list
        nextNode->previous = newNode;
    //free(newNode); NEVER, EVER free this pointer!!!
}

List_Type * CreateList_Add(int nodeNum){
    List_Type * entry = (List_Type*)malloc(sizeof(List_Type));
    List_Type * ptr1;
    ptr1 = entry;
    MemClr((unsigned char*)entry,sizeof(List_Type));
    while(nodeNum>1){
        Add_Node(ptr1, 0);
        ptr1 = (List_Type*)ptr1->next;
        nodeNum--;
    }
    return entry;
}
List_Type * FindIndex_Front(List_Type *entry, int index_f){
    List_Type * ptr = entry;
    while(index_f>0){
        ptr = (List_Type* )ptr->next;
        if(ptr == (void*)0)
            return (void*)0;   //index_f overflow
        index_f--;
    }
    return ptr;
}
void Print_ToEnd(List_Type * ptr){
    while(ptr != (void*)0){
        printf("%d, ",ptr->value);
        ptr = (List_Type*)ptr->next;
    }
}
void Print_ToStart(List_Type * ptr){
    while(ptr != (void*)0){
            printf("%d, ", ptr->value);
            ptr = (List_Type*)ptr->previous;
        }
}
int main(void) {
    List_Type *pList = CreateList_Add(10);
    List_Type *ptr = pList;
    Print_ToEnd(ptr);
    printf("\n");

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList, 4);
    Print_ToStart(ptr);
    printf("\n");

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList, 7);
    Add_Node(ptr,3);
    Print_ToEnd(ptr);
    printf("\n");

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/************************************************************/
【方法三:自己搭建一个内存管理机制进行“动态”分配】
最后一种也是我比较喜欢的一种方法,即,使用内存管理的思想对链表进行插入,删除操作。这样的最大好处就是,所有使用的内存都是程序中自己动手建立的,方便自己估计程序大小.
/*
 ============================================================================
 Name        : Pieta_C_03.c
 Author      : apollius
 Version     :
 Copyright   : Your copyright notice
 Description : Hello World in C, Ansi-style
 ============================================================================
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define  MAX_PARTIONS  100u

typedef struct{
    void * previous;
    void * next;
    int value;
}List_Type;


List_Type        ListPartion[MAX_PARTIONS];
List_Type       *pFreeList;
unsigned int     FreeNum;

void  MemClr(unsigned char * pdest, int size){
    while(size>0){
        *pdest++ = (unsigned char)0;
        size--;
    }
}
List_Type *  ListNode_Malloc(){
    List_Type* ptr;
    if(pFreeList != (List_Type *)0){
        ptr = pFreeList;
        //MemClr((unsigned char*)ptr,sizeof(ptr));   //You Can NOT do clear here, or will lost Free list information
        FreeNum--;
        pFreeList=(List_Type*)pFreeList->next; //To the next node in ListPartion[MAX_PARTIONS]

        ptr->next = (void*)0;
        pFreeList->previous = (void*)0;
    }
    else
        ptr = (List_Type *)0;
    return ptr;
}
void   ListNode_Free(List_Type * node){
    if(node != (List_Type*)0){
        FreeNum++;
        node->next = pFreeList;
        node->previous = (void*)0;

        pFreeList->previous = node;
        pFreeList = (List_Type*)pFreeList->previous;
    }
}
void  ListInit(){
    List_Type *ptr1, *ptr2;
    int i;
    MemClr((unsigned char*)&ListPartion[0], sizeof(ListPartion));
    ptr1 = &ListPartion[0];
    ptr2 = &ListPartion[1];
    for (i=0;i<MAX_PARTIONS-1;i++){
        ptr1->next = ptr2;
        ptr2->previous = ptr1;
        ptr1++;
        ptr2++;
    }

    pFreeList = &ListPartion[0];
    FreeNum = MAX_PARTIONS;
   // pListPar->pList     =  &ListPartion[0];
   // pListPar->pFreeNode =   pListPar->pList;
    printf("ListInit Success!\n");
}


void  Add_Node(List_Type * preNode, int newValue){
    List_Type * newNode  ;
    List_Type * nextNode ;
    if(preNode == (void*)0)
        return ;

    newNode  = ListNode_Malloc();
    nextNode = (List_Type*)preNode ->next;

    MemClr((unsigned char*)newNode, sizeof(List_Type)); //Explicit clear memory
    newNode->value = newValue;

    preNode->next = newNode;
    newNode->previous = preNode;
    newNode->next = nextNode;
    if(nextNode != (void*)0)        //if Not the end of the list
        nextNode->previous = newNode;
}
void Delete_Node(List_Type *pNode){
    List_Type * preNode;
    List_Type * nextNode;
    if(pNode == (List_Type*)0)
        return;

    preNode = (List_Type*)pNode->previous;
    nextNode = (List_Type*)pNode -> next;

    if(preNode != (List_Type*)0){
        preNode->next = nextNode;
    }
    if(nextNode != (List_Type*)0){
        nextNode->previous = preNode;
    }
    ListNode_Free(pNode);
}

List_Type * CreateList_Add(int nodeNum){
    List_Type * entry;
    List_Type * ptr1;

    entry =  ListNode_Malloc();
    ptr1  = entry;
    MemClr((unsigned char*)entry,sizeof(List_Type));

    while(nodeNum>1){
        Add_Node(ptr1, 1);
        if(ptr1 == (List_Type*)0)  //The List Partion is full
        {
            entry = (List_Type*)0;  //Create fail, will return a NULL pointer
            break;
        }
        ptr1 = (List_Type*)ptr1->next;
        nodeNum--;
    }
    return entry;
}
List_Type * FindIndex_Front(List_Type *entry, int index_f){
    List_Type * ptr = entry;
    while(index_f>0){
        ptr = (List_Type* )ptr->next;
        if(ptr == (void*)0)
            return (void*)0;   //index_f overflow
        index_f--;
    }
    return ptr;
}
void Print_ToEnd(List_Type * ptr){
    while(ptr != (void*)0){
        printf("%d, ",ptr->value);
        ptr = (List_Type*)ptr->next;
    }
}
void Print_ToStart(List_Type * ptr){
    while(ptr != (void*)0){
            printf("%d, ", ptr->value);
            ptr = (List_Type*)ptr->previous;
        }
}
int main(void) {
    List_Type *pList;
    List_Type *ptr;

    //initialte List Partion
    ListInit();
    pList = CreateList_Add(10);
    ptr = pList;
    Print_ToEnd(ptr);
    printf("\n");

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList, 4);
    Print_ToStart(ptr);
    printf("\n");

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList, 7);
    Add_Node(ptr,3);
    Print_ToEnd(pList);
    printf("\n");
    printf("FreeNumber: %d\n",FreeNum);

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList, 0);
    pList++;  //If you want delete the first note, you must move the pList to the next one.
    Delete_Node(ptr);
    Print_ToEnd(pList);
    printf("\n");
    printf("FreeNumber: %d\n",FreeNum);

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList,7);
    Delete_Node(ptr);
    Print_ToEnd(pList);
    printf("\n");
    printf("FreeNumber: %d\n",FreeNum);

    ptr = FindIndex_Front(pList,8);
    Add_Node(ptr,89);
    Print_ToEnd(pList);
    printf("\n");
    printf("FreeNumber: %d\n",FreeNum);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
/************************************************************/

最后这种方法虽然很原始,但可以将内存管理部分单独剥离开,可以看做是一个通用的数据结构内存处理机制,特别适合在嵌入式编程中用这种方法编写自己的一个链表、FIFO队列等等。C语言中的指针处理必须得小心翼翼,但是一旦这一关能过,之后就可以将很多上层软件中所运用的编程思想用在C语言中,使自己的程序写得更灵活。

posted on 2013-05-12 15:54  apollius  阅读(1576)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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