sql 简单语法

1、数据库操作

create database student_info  -- 创建数据库 
drop database student_info    -- 删除数据库 

2、表操作

-- 创建表
create table student(
    id int not null primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    age int null,
    sex varchar(10) 
)    
-- 删除表
drop table student
-- 修改表,增加一个列
Alter table student add column address varchar(50)

 

 

3、sql语句

简单语句

插入(增):insert into student(id, name, address) values(1, 'Xiaohong', 16)
删除(删):delete from student where age<=6
更新(改):update student set name='Lily' where id=1
查询(查):select * from student 

高级语法

模糊查询:select * from student where name like '%Xiao%'
排序:select * from student order by field1,field2 desc
总数:select count(*) as totalcount from student
函数:select sum(age) as sumAge, avg(age) as avgAge, max(age) as maxAge, min(age) as minAge from student
前几:   select top 10 * from student order by age desc
去重:   select distinct name from student
多个条件: select * from student where name like '%Xiao%' and age=16 or age=20
between:   select * from student where age between 10 and 20
in:   select * from student where name in ('Lily', 'Amy')
分组: select age, count(*) from student group by age
分组带条件: select age, count(*) from student group by age where age >10 having count(*)<5

4、表连接

JOIN: 如果表中有至少一个匹配,则返回行
LEFT JOIN: 即使右表中没有匹配,也从左表返回所有的行
RIGHT JOIN: 即使左表中没有匹配,也从右表返回所有的行
FULL JOIN: 只要其中一个表中存在匹配,就返回行

create table course(
    cno int not null primary key,
    cname varchar(20) not null
)
create table StudentCourse(
    sno int not null,
    cno int not null,
    score double
)

-- 表连接, 查找所有学生的选课记录
select s.name as 学生姓名,sc.cno as 选修课号,sc.score as 成绩 
from student s, StudentCourse sc
where s.id=sc.sno

-- 内连接, 查找所有成绩及格的选课记录
select s.name as 学生姓名,sc.cno as 选修课号,sc.score as 成绩 
from student s
inner join StudentCourse sc on s.id=sc.sno
where sc.score>60

-- 左连接, 查找所有学生的选课记录
select s.id as 学号,sc.cno as 选修课号,sc.score as 成绩 
from student s
left join StudentCourse sc on s.id=sc.sno

-- 嵌套查询, 查找王敏同学的选课记录
select *
from StudentCourse
where sno in (
   select id from student where name='王敏'
)

--查找每个学生大于自身平均分的科目
select cno
from StudentCourse a
where score> (
  select avg(score) from StudentCourse b where a.sno=b.sno
)

5、SQL 约束

约束用于限制加入表的数据的类型。可以在创建表时或表创建后规定约束。约束主要有以下几类:

  • NOT NULL   强制列不能为 NULL 值
  • UNIQUE      唯一标识数据库表中的每条记录, 每个表可以有多个 UNIQUE 约束,但是每个表只能有一个 PRIMARY KEY 约束。
  • PRIMARY KEY  唯一标识数据库表中的每条记录,主键必须包含唯一的值,主键列不能包含 NULL 值。
  • FOREIGN KEY  一个表中的 FOREIGN KEY 指向另一个表中的 PRIMARY KEY,如StuentCource 的sno指向Student的id
  • CHECK    在特定的列中对值进行限制
  • DEFAULT  设置默认值
create table student(
    id int not null,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    age int null DEFAULT 1,
    UNIQUE (name),
    PRIMARY KEY (id),
    CONSTRAINT chk_age check (age>0 AND age<200),
    CONSTRAINT uq_name unique(name)
)

6、索引

您可以在表中创建索引,以便更加快速高效地查询数据。

-- 创建索引
create index idx_age on student(age asc)
create unique index idx_name on student(name)
-- 删除索引
drop index idx_name 

7、视图

视图是基于 SQL 语句的结果集的可视化的表。

-- 删除视图
if exists (select * from dbo.sysobjects where id = object_id(N'dbo.young_student') and objectproperty(id, N'isview') = 1)
drop view young_student
-- 创建视图
create view young_student 
as 
select * from student where age<10
posted @ 2019-04-30 17:33  安小  阅读(228)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报