例程合集：Python tkinter 包的使用

本文内容来自我的笔记。撰写过程中参考了胡俊峰老师《Python程序设计与数据科学导论》课程的内容。

本文中包含若干个例程，力图囊括 tkinter 的基本使用方法。请自行运行例程以观察效果。

本文中只会给出例程和简要的说明，而不会作详细的解释。因此它不是一篇教程，可能不适合新手阅读。

目录

• GUI编程：Tkinter包
  • 窗口
  • 常用组件
  • 布局方案
    • Pack方案
      • side 参数
      • anchor 参数及其与side的联合使用
      • fill和expand参数
    • Grid方案
    • Place方案
    • 联合使用
  • 事件绑定

GUI编程：Tkinter包

窗口

import tkinter as tk
import time

window = tk.Tk() # new window
window.title('Hello') # window title
window.geometry('350x200') # window size; can be changed by mouse dragging
print('press enter to show the window...')
input()
window.mainloop() # show window, start main loop. 
                  # the main loop keeps monitoring the user's operations on the window, and make responses correspondingly.
print('window closed.')

press enter to show the window...

window closed.

# 请先阅读“常用组件”和“布局方案”再来阅读本例

import tkinter as tk
import time

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x500')
def clicked1():
    tk.Label(window, text='A clicked').pack()
    window.update() # mainloop会时不时刷新每一个窗口，但我不清楚其频率。保险起见这里手动刷新。

def clicked2():
    new_window = tk.Tk()
    new_window.geometry('200x150')
    tk.Label(new_window, text='B clicked').pack()
    # mainloop是所有窗口共用的。现在mainloop已经被window开启了，new_window就不需要再次开启，只要静静等待mainloop刷新出自己就行。
    # 如果不想等待的话，运行一下new_window.update()也可以
    new_window.after(1000, new_window.destroy) # 告诉新窗口，在1000ms后关闭自己。`after`方法不会阻塞；新窗口记住这件事之后就会转身去干别的。
                                               # `new_window.destroy()`的作用是关闭窗口。（类似地，组件也有destroy方法）
                                               # 这里不能用time.sleep，因为在sleep过程中mainloop会中断，此期间点A会没反应，新窗口也来不及被显示出来

button1 = tk.Button(window, text='A', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue', command=clicked1)
button1.pack()
button2 = tk.Button(window, text='B', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='red', command=clicked2)
button2.pack()
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk
import time

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x500')
def my_update():
    print('update!')
    window.after(1000, my_update)

window.after(1000, my_update) # 每秒刷新一次
window.mainloop()

常用组件

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.grid(column=0, row=0) # position the label at (0,0); the label won't show without this command
                             # the grid is dynamic; width of columns and height of rows is determined by the contents.
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20))
label2.grid(column=0, row=1)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20))
label3.grid(column=1, row=0)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')

def clicked():
    button.configure(text='H', bg='white')

button = tk.Button(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue', command=clicked)
button.grid(column=0, row=0)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')

def clicked():
    tk.messagebox.showinfo('Don\'t move', 'Raise your hands!', parent=window)

button = tk.Button(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue', command=clicked)
button.grid(column=0, row=0)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')

label = tk.Label(window, text='[EMPTY]', font=('Courier New', 10))
label.grid(column=0, row=1)

txt = tk.Entry(window, width=10) # a one-line input box; width in px
txt.grid(column=0, row=0)
txt.focus() # put the focus on the input box as soon as the window gets focus;
            # so that you don't need to click on the box and then start inputting.

def clicked():
    label.configure(text=txt.get())

button = tk.Button(window, text='Submit', font=('Courier New', 10), bg='grey', fg='blue', command=clicked)
button.grid(column=1, row=0)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')

label = tk.Label(window, text='[EMPTY]', font=('Courier New', 10))
label.grid(column=0, row=1)

combo = ttk.Combobox(window)
combo.grid(column=0, row=0)
combo['values'] = ('abc','de',123)
combo.current(1) # default is 'de'

def clicked():
    label.configure(text=combo.get())

button = tk.Button(window, text='Submit', font=('Courier New', 10), bg='grey', fg='blue', command=clicked)
button.grid(column=1, row=0)
window.mainloop()

其他组件还包括：

• Checkbutton: 多选框
• Radiobutton: 单选框
• ScrolledText: 多行文本框
• Spinbox: 带上下按钮的数值输入框
• Progressbar: 进度条
• filedialog: “打开文件”对话框

布局方案

TKinter中组件之间的嵌套关系是树状的（有点像HTML的tag），其中窗口是树根，非叶节点往往是Frame组件——一种不会显示出来的占位组件（有点像HTML的span）。

在每一个组件中，可以选择三种布局方案之一（不能用超过一种）来排列其儿子（管不到孙子）：pack、grid和place。

Pack方案

Pack方案的大致思路就是将儿子简单地堆叠。

side 参数

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack() # by default side='top'
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20))
label2.pack()
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20))
label3.pack()
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='right')
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20))
label2.pack(side='right')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20))
label3.pack(side='right')
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='top')
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20))
label2.pack(side='bottom')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20))
label3.pack(side='bottom')
window.mainloop()

从上面几例可以看到，pack()会优先满足 代码中靠前的组件 的side志愿。

anchor 参数及其与side的联合使用

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(anchor='nw') # northwest; similarly there're n,e,w,s,ne,se,sw,center
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(anchor='center')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='red')
label3.pack(anchor='se')
window.mainloop()

为什么三个字在垂直方向上不是分布在上、中、下，而是挤在窗口的上半部？

因为还有一个缺省的side=top，这使得每个字在 被定位到anchor所指定的位置 之后，还向会上坠落。看一下下两个例子，你可能会更清楚一点。

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(anchor='nw', side='bottom') # northwest; similarly there're n,e,w,s,ne,se,sw,center
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(anchor='center', side='bottom')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='red')
label3.pack(anchor='se', side='bottom')
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(anchor='n',side='right') # it starts at position `anchor` and then falls towards direction `side`
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(anchor='center',side='right')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='red')
label3.pack(anchor='s',side='right')
window.mainloop()

fill和expand参数

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='left',fill='y') # "fill=y" means that it will stretch vertically; but won't exceed the space assigned to it by pack
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(side='left',fill='y')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.pack(side='left',fill='y')
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='top',fill='x') # stretch horizontally; won't exceed
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(side='top',fill='both') # stretch horizontally AND vertically; won't exceed; here it's no different from 'x'
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.pack(side='top',fill='both')
window.mainloop()

从上面几例可以看到，虽然fill参数会使得组件占满自己被分配的空间，但是pack不会因为fill参数而给一个组件分配更多空间。

与之相对地，expand参数会要求pack尽可能多地给一个组件分配空间。见下面的例子。

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='top',fill='both',expand=True)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(side='top',fill='both',expand=True)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.pack(side='top',fill='both',expand=True)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='top',fill='both',expand=True)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(side='top',fill='both')
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.pack(side='top',fill='both',expand=True)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a text label on `window`
label1.pack(side='top',expand=True)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.pack(side='top',expand=True)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.pack(side='top',expand=True)
window.mainloop()

Grid方案

注：当父组件不是窗口（即根结点）时，Grid会在父组件内部重新划出一个网格，而不会使用全窗口的网格。

注：不同的行的高度可以不相等；列同理。

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.grid(column=0, row=0)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.grid(column=0, row=1)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.grid(column=1, row=0, rowspan=2) # won't fill the entire 2x1 space
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.grid(column=0, row=0)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.grid(column=0, row=1, ipadx=5, ipady=10) # x_inner_padding=5, y_inner_padding=10
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.grid(column=1, row=0, rowspan=2) # won't fill the entire 2x1 space
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.grid(column=0, row=0)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.grid(column=0, row=1, padx=5, pady=10) # x_outer_padding=5, y_outer_padding=10 ("margin" in css)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.grid(column=1, row=0, rowspan=2) # won't fill the entire 2x1 space
window.mainloop()

padx/pady/ipadx/ipady参数在Pack和Place中也可以使用。

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.grid(column=0, row=0)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.grid(column=0, row=1, padx=5, pady=10) # x_outer_padding=5, y_outer_padding=10 ("margin" in css)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.grid(column=1, row=0, rowspan=2, sticky='s') # `sticky` is similar to `anchor` in Pack (with the same list of possible values), 
                                                    # but `sticky` determines the label's position **inside a cell**
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.grid(column=0, row=0)
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.grid(column=0, row=1, padx=5, pady=10) # x_outer_padding=5, y_outer_padding=10 ("margin" in css)
label3 = tk.Label(window, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey')
label3.grid(column=1, row=0, rowspan=2, sticky='nsew') # same as `fill=both` in Pack. similarly, `sticky=ns` and `sticky=ew`.
window.mainloop()

Place方案

注：Place中坐标系（包括参数x,y所处的坐标系、和relx,rely所处的坐标系）的原点永远是父组件的左上角，而不是窗口的左上角（如果父组件不是窗口的话）。x与relx的区别仅在于步长，而不在于坐标原点。

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.place(x=100, y=50, width=50, height=100) # x in [0,width_of_father_in_px], y in [0,height_of_father_in_px]
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.place(x=50, y=100, width=100, height=50)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.place(relx=0.4, rely=0.2, relwidth=0.2, relheight=0.4) # relx in [0,1], rely in [0,1]
                                                              # relx=1  <=>  x=width_of_father_in_px
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label2.place(relx=0.2, rely=0.4, relwidth=0.4, relheight=0.2)
window.mainloop()

联合使用

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
frame = tk.Frame(window, bg='black') # bg can be omitted (and it'll be transparent)
frame.place(x=50,y=50,width=100,height=100)
label1 = tk.Label(frame, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a label whose father is `frame`
label1.pack(side='left')
label2 = tk.Label(frame, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='red')
label2.pack(anchor='se', side='right')
frame2 = tk.Frame(frame, bg='white')
frame2.pack(anchor='n', fill='both', expand=True)
label3 = tk.Label(frame2, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label3.pack(fill='both', expand=True)
window.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
frame0 = tk.Frame(window, bg='green')
frame0.pack(fill='both', expand=True)
frame = tk.Frame(window, bg='black') # bg can be omitted (and it'll be transparent)
frame.pack()
# the following code is the same as previous cell
label1 = tk.Label(frame, text='L', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue') # a label whose father is `frame`
label1.pack(side='left')
label2 = tk.Label(frame, text='G', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='red')
label2.pack(anchor='se', side='right')
frame2 = tk.Frame(frame, bg='white')
frame2.pack(anchor='n', fill='both', expand=True)
label3 = tk.Label(frame2, text='M', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='blue')
label3.pack(fill='both', expand=True)
window.mainloop()

从上例可以看到，一个frame就算被别的（expand=True的）frame挤占空间，也至少会留出后代组件的空间。

事件绑定

事件绑定，即让特定事件来触发特定函数的执行。Button的command参数，是事件绑定的一个特例；更一般的绑定由组件对象的bind方法完成。

import tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Hello')
window.geometry('350x200')
label1 = tk.Label(window, text='A', font=('Courier New', 20), bg='grey', fg='blue')
label1.pack()
label2 = tk.Label(window, text='U', font=('Courier New', 20))
label2.pack()
def enter(event):
    print(event)
    label1.configure(text='fuck')

def leave(event):
    print(event)
    label1.configure(text='A')

label2.bind('<Enter>', enter)
label2.bind('<Leave>', leave)
window.mainloop()

<Enter event focus=False x=21 y=0>
<Leave event focus=False x=19 y=-3>
<Enter event focus=False x=4 y=29>
<Leave event focus=False x=25 y=19>

更多内容见：

• https://blog.csdn.net/jss19940414/article/details/84728830
• https://www.jianshu.com/p/c752bad8afec