磁盘分区
分区方案
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MBR
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分区类型：主分区，扩展分区和逻辑分区
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限制：最都有4个主分区，磁盘最大为2TB
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GPT
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GPT使用全局唯一标识符（GUID）来识别磁盘和分区
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GPT提供分区表备份功能，主GPT位于磁盘头部，备份的GPT位于磁盘尾部
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限制：最多有128个分区，磁盘最大为8ZiB
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分区工具
parted
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创建MBR分区表
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda #进入交互式分区 GNU Parted 3.2 Using /dev/sda Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) mklabel #设置分区表类型 New disk label type? msdos #msdos表示MBR Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sda will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue? Yes/No? Yes (parted) print #打印分区表信息 Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 10.7GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Disk Flags: Number Start End Size Type File system Flagsparted命令更改会立即生效
mklabel命令会擦除现有的分区表，修改之后，之前的所有数据无法访问
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parted工具可以直接在后面提供子命令，不需要进入交互界面
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda mklabel msdos Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sda will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue? Yes/No? Yes Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda print Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 10.7GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Disk Flags: Number Start End Size Type File system Flags -
创建MBR分区
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda GNU Parted 3.2 Using /dev/sda Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) mkpart #添加新分区 Partition type? primary/extended? primary #选择分区类型为主分区 File system type? [ext2]? xfs #文件系统类型 Start? 1M #起始位置 End? 1024M #结束位置 (parted) p #打印分区信息 Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 10.7GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Disk Flags: Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 1024MB 1023MB primary xfs lbaparted工具并不能直接提供分区的大小，分区大小size=end-start
分区的单位可以指定s（扇区），MB，GB和TB，默认是MB
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无交互式创建MBR分区
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda mkpart primary xfs 1G 2G Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. -
无交互式创建GPT分区
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sda will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue? Yes/No? Yes Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda mkpart part1 xfs 1M 1024M Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.对于gpt分区，每个分区必须指定一个名称，例如part1
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删除分区
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda GNU Parted 3.2 Using /dev/sda Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) p Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 10.7GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Disk Flags: Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 1049kB 1024MB 1023MB part1 (parted) rm 1 #删除Number为1的分区 (parted) p Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 10.7GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Disk Flags: Number Start End Size File system Name Flags (parted)
fdisk
fdisk应用于MBR分区表
- fdisk -l 查看磁盘和分区信息
- fdisk /dev/sda 对指定设备进行分区
- n：创建新的分区
- d：删除分区
- p：打印分区表
- t：修改分区id
- w：保存分区
- q：不保存退出
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p #选择分区类型
Partition number (1-4, default 1): #选择驱动号
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): #选择开始扇区位置
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +2G
# 选择结束位置，也可以使用加号指定大小
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p #打印分区表
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0bfbff5c
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t #修改分区id
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e #8e代表LVM类型
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0bfbff5c
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w #保存退出
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]#
gdisk
gdisk应用于gpt分区表，使用方式fdisk一致
格式化文件系统
格式化就是在创建文件系统
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sda1
meta-data=/dev/sda1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]#
挂载文件系统
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda1 /data
常用选项：
- -t：指定文件系统类型
- -r：只读挂载
- -w：读写挂载
- -a：自动挂载所有支持自动挂载的设备
- -L：用卷标指定挂在设备
- -U：用UUID指定挂在设备
- -o [options]：指定挂载选项
- sync/async：同步/异步模式
- atime/noatime：是否更新atime，包含目录和文件
- auto/noauto：是否支持自动挂载
- exec/noexec：是否支持文件系统上的可执行文件运行
- dev/nodev：是否支持在此文件系统上使用设备文件
- suid/nosuid：是否支持suid权限
- remount：重新挂载
- ro/rw：只读或者读写挂载
- user/nouser：是否允许普通用户挂载此设备
- defaults：默认挂载选项，是rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async的组合
永久挂载
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab | grep /dev/sda
/dev/sda1 /data xfs defaults 0 0
要挂载的设备 挂在点 文件系统类型 挂载选项 转存频率 自检顺序
- 要挂载的设备：设备文件，或UUID
- 挂载选项：
- 转存频率：默认为0，不备份
- 自检顺序：用fsck按顺序检查文件系统，对于ext4文件系统，该值为1，其他ext，该值为2；对于xfs文件系统，该值为0，因为xfs不用fsck检查。
卸载命令
#卸载设备文件或者挂载点
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/sda1
[root@localhost ~]# umount /data
查看正在访问文件系统的进程
[root@localhost ~]# fuser -v /data
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/data: root kernel mount /data
root 4367 ..c.. bash
root 4392 ..c.. vim
配置交换分区
交换分区保存内存中暂时不活动的数据
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使用分区工具创建swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sda mkpart primary linux-swap 1M 1G Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. -
格式化swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sda1 mkswap: /dev/sda1: warning: wiping old xfs signature. Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 953 MiB (999288832 bytes) no label, UUID=77740781-4dcd-4ddd-a4a0-e9617bae4ab9 -
挂载swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sda1 [root@localhost ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -2 /dev/sda1 partition 975868 0 -3
- swapon -a 挂载/etc/fstab中所有未挂载的swap分区
- swapon -s 查看所有已挂载的swap分区
- swapon -p 指定优先级
- swapon /dev/sda1 挂载swap分区
- swapoff /dev/sda1 卸载swap分区
其他磁盘管理工具
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blkid打印文件系统属性信息
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/nvme0n1: PTUUID="a79dfc8b" PTTYPE="dos" /dev/nvme0n1p1: UUID="4b04a473-38a8-4832-bc4c-52c12ac65058" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="a79dfc8b-01" -
lsblk列出块设备信息
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 10G 0 disk └─sda1 8:1 0 953M 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 500M 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 19.5G 0 part ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 17.5G 0 lvm / └─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] [root@localhost ~]# lsblk --fs NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda └─sda1 swap 77740781-4dcd-4ddd-a4a0-e9617bae4ab9 [SWAP] sr0 nvme0n1 ├─nvme0n1p1 xfs 4b04a473-38a8-4832-bc4c-52c12ac65058 /boot └─nvme0n1p2 LVM2_member 0xeyHg-Jamf-KyBX-TQ5W-l8SP-Wd05-wSyB9N ├─rhel-root xfs cbc0d96e-0099-41c3-bb90-3c475f590c5c / └─rhel-swap swap 339c094b-b14e-47f9-bec3-951eb5aafb6d [SWAP]
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