内容大纲
1、创建表的完整语法
2、基本数据类型
	整型
	浮点型
	字符类型
	日期类型
	枚举与集合
	
3、约束条件
	primary key
	unique key
	not null
	foreign key
一、创建表的完整语法
# 语法
    create table 表名(
    字段名1 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件],  # 这里的类型既:限制 字段1 必须以 XX类型 来存储记录
    字段名2 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件],
    字段名3 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件]
    )
代码示例:
    create table file(
    id int unsigned,  # 未设置宽度,设置了约束条件
    sex char(6),  # 设置了宽度,未设置约束条件
    age int(3) unsigned,  # 宽度 和 约束条件都设置了
    hobby char  # 宽度 和 约束条件 都未设置
    )
# 注意!
1、在同一张表中,字段名不能相同
2、宽度 和 约束条件为可选参数,字段名 和 字段名下记录的类型 是必须的
3、最后一个字段后不能加逗号
# 补充
1)宽度指的是对存储数据的限制
mysql> create table userinfo (name char);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> desc userinfo;  # 从表中可以看出 char类型默认存储长度为 1
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name  | char(1) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert userinfo values ('egon');  # 超过 1 位存储长度则报错
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
mysql> insert userinfo values ('e');  # 可以存储1位长度的记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from userinfo;  # 查看记录
+------+
| name |
+------+
| e    |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# MySQL 3.7及以上版本都为严格模式,故超过可存储数据长度则会报错
2)约束条件
create table t1(id int,name char not null);  # not null 既 对字段name的约束(不能为null)
insert into t1 values(1,'j');  # 正常存储
insert into t1 values(2,null);  # 报错
# 总结:
	类型是用来限制 字段 必须以何种数据类型来存储记录
	类型其实也是对字段的约束(约束字段下的记录必须为XX类型)
	类型后写的 约束条件 是在类型之外的 额外添加的约束
设置严格模式
我们刚刚在上面设置了char,tinyint,存储数据时超过它们的最大存储长度,发现数据也能正常存储进去,只是mysql帮我们自动截取了最大长度。但在实际情况下,我们应该尽量减少数据库的操作,缓解数据库的压力,让它仅仅只管理数据即可,这样的情况下就需要设置安全模式
show variables like "%mode%";  # 查看数据库配置中变量名包含mode的配置参数
# 修改安全模式
set session # 只在当前操作界面有效
set global  # 全局有效
set global sql_mode ='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'
# 修改完之后退出当前客户端重新登陆即可
二、基本数据类型
- 
整型分类: TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT
	  tinyint smallint mediumint int bigint
作用: 存储各种年龄,等级,id,号码等数据
类型存储范围:参考图片https://images2017.cnblogs.com/blog/1036857/201708/1036857-20170801181433755-146301178.png
 类型存储范围 参考图片连接  ←点我 验证整型字段有无符号及范围测试环境皆为严格模式mysql> create table t1 (x tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values (128);  # 不在范围内,报错
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'x' at row 1
mysql> insert into t1 values (127);  # 在范围内,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values (-129);  # 不在范围内,报错
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'x' at row 1
mysql> insert into t1 values (-128);  # 在范围内,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t1;  # 查看表内记录
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|  127 |
| -128 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# tinyint的范围:(-128,127)
 mysql> create table t2 (x tinyint unsigned);  # 约束条件unsigned限制字段不可存储带符号的巨鹿,既原来的(-128,0)区间的数就没了,这样范围总数就变成了(0,255)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into t2 values (-1);  # 不在范围内,报错
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'x' at row 1
mysql> insert into t2 values (0);  # 在范围内,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2 values (256);  # 不在范围内,报错
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'x' at row 1
mysql> insert into t2 values (255);  # 在范围内,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t2;  # 查看表内记录
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|  255 |
|    0 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# tinyint unsigned 的范围:(0,255)  包括0的
 mysql> create table t3(x int unsigned);  # 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into t3 values(4294967296);  # 不在范围内,报错
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'x' at row 1
mysql> insert into t3 values(4294967295);  # 在范围内,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t3 values(-1);  # 不在范围内,报错
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'x' at row 1
mysql> insert into t3 values(0);  # 在范围内,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t3;
+------------+
| x          |
+------------+
| 4294967295 |
|          0 |
+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# int类型有符号范围为(-1247483648,1247483647) | 无符号范围为(0,4294967295)
 疑问:类型后面的宽度能否改变字段存储的大小限制mysql> create table t4(x int(8));  # 宽度为8
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into t4 values(1000000000);  # 10位数 可以存储
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
# 显示时,不够8位用0填充,如果超出8位则正常显示
mysql> create table t5(x int(8) unsigned zerofill);  # 约束条件zerofill 既 用 0 填充
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into t5 values(10000);  # 5位数
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t4,t5;
+------------+----------+
| x          | x        |
+------------+----------+
| 1000000000 | 00010000 |   # 超过8位正常显示,不超过则用 0 填充
+------------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
强调:对于整型来说,数据类型后的宽度并不是存储限制,而是显示限制,所以在创建表时,如果字段采用的是整型类型,完全无需指定显示宽度, 默认的显示宽度,足够显示完整当初存放的数据
 
- 
浮点型分类: FLOAT DOUBLE decimal
	  float double decimal
	  
作用:记录身高,体重,薪资等数据
字段限制特点:(5,3)前一位表示所有的位数,后一位表示小数个数
# 存储限制
float(255,30)
double(255,30)
decimal(65,30)
# 精确度验证
mysql> create table t6(x float(255,30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> create table t7(x double(255,30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> create table t8(x decimal(65,30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> 
mysql> insert into t6 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t7 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t8 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> mysql> select * from t6;
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111164093017600000000000000 |  # float 精度最低
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t7;
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111111111111200000000000000 |  # double 精度第二
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t8;
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111111111111111111111111111 |  # decimal 精度最高
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 由低至高 精度排名:float < double < decimal
 
- 
字符类型分类:
    char(定长)
    varchar(变长)
    
作用:姓名,地址,描述类信息
 测试代码:测试char | varchar 区别mysql> create table t9(name char(4));  # 超出四个字符报错,不够四个 就用字符空格补全
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> create table t10(name varchar(4));  # 超出四个字符报错,不够四个有几个就存几个
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into t9 values('hello');  # 验证存储限制
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
mysql> insert into t10 values('hello');  # 验证存储限制
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
mysql> insert into t9 values('a');  # 'a   '  # 补了3个空格
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)  # 'a'
mysql> insert into t10 values('a');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t9,t10;  # 无法查看真正的结果
+------+------+
| name | name |
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select char_length(name) from t9;  # 仍然无法查看到真正的结果
+-------------------+
| char_length(name) |
+-------------------+
|                 1 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select char_length(name) from t10;  # 仍然无法查看到真正的结果
+-------------------+
| char_length(name) |
+-------------------+
|                 1 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# -----------------以下不是测试代码-----------------
"""首先应该肯定的是在硬盘上存的绝对是真正的数据,但显示的时候mysql会自动将末尾的空格取掉"""
# 如果不想让mysql帮你做自动去除末尾空格的操作,需要再添加一个模式
set global sql_mode="strict_trans_tables,PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH";
# 退出客户端重新登陆
select char_length(x) from t12;  # 4
select char_length(y) from t13;  # 1
# 针对char类型,mysql在存储时会将数据用空格补全存放到硬盘中。但是会在读出结果的时候自动取掉末尾的空格
 char与varchar的使用区别name char(5)
# 缺点:浪费空间
# 优点:存取速度都快
egon alex lxx  jxx  txx  
==> egon_alex_lxx__jxx__txx__  # 以空格补全成5个字符,然后读取时一次性读5个,并去除多去的空格
name varchar(5)
# 缺点:存取速度慢
# 优点:节省空间
1bytes+egon 1bytes+alex 1bytes+lxx  1bytes+jxx  1bytes+txx
# 存储时真实数据前会带有一个标识真实数据长度的表头,读取数据时,先读取报头,再读取根据报头得到的长度去读取真实数据
 
- 
时间类型分类:
date:2019-05-01
time:11:11:11
Datetime:2019-01-02 11:11:11
Year:2019
 测试代码mysql> create table student(
    ->     id int,
    ->     name char(16),
    ->     born_year year,
    ->     birth date,
    ->     study_time time,
    ->     reg_time datetime
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into student values(1,'egon','2019','2019-05-09','11:11:00','2019-11-11 11:11:11');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| id   | name | born_year | birth      | study_time | reg_time            |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
|    1 | egon |      2019 | 2019-05-09 | 11:11:00   | 2019-11-11 11:11:11 |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
- 
枚举与集合类型分类:
	枚举 enum   # 多选一
	集合 set    # 多选多
 测试代码# 枚举
mysql> create table user(
    ->   id int,
    ->   name char(16),
    ->   gender enum('male','female','others')  # 枚举,一次只能在枚举范围中选一个
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into user values(1,'jason','xxx');  # 不可以选枚举范围外的
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'gender' at row 1
mysql> insert into user values(2,'egon','female,others');  # 不可以选多个
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'gender' at row 1
mysql> insert into user values(2,'egon','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from user;
+------+------+--------+
| id   | name | gender |
+------+------+--------+
|    2 | egon | female |
+------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 集合
mysql> create table teacher(
    ->   id int,
    ->   name char(16),
    ->   gender enum('male','female','others'),
    ->   hobby set('read','sleep','sanna','dbj')  # 集合,一次可以从集合范围中选多个
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into teacher values(1,'egon','male','read,sleep,dbj');  # 可以选多个
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into teacher values(1,'egon','male','read');  # 也可以只选一个
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from teacher;
+------+------+--------+----------------+
| id   | name | gender | hobby          |
+------+------+--------+----------------+
|    1 | egon | male   | read,sleep,dbj |
|    1 | egon | male   | read           |
+------+------+--------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
三、约束条件
NOT NULL    		标识该字段不能为空
DEFAULT    			为该字段设置默认值
PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
UNIQUE KEY (UK)    	标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT    	标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充
- 
not null+default(字段不能为空+为字段设置默认值)mysql> create table user(
    -> id int,
    -> name char(16)  # 没有其他约束条件
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> insert into user values(1,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from user;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | NULL |  # 可以写入NULL记录
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from user where id=1;  # 严格模式下修改字段需要字段下的记录都合法,所以要删除原违法记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table user modify name char(16) not null;  # 修改字段,加上不可为空的约束
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into user (name,id) values (null,2);  # 指定传入字段,如是先传name,再传id,name加了约束条件,不能为NULL,故报错
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null
mysql> insert into user (name,id) values ('egon',2);  # 合法值传入,成功
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from user;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | egon |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# not null 与 defult 与 枚举/集合  联用
mysql> create table student(
    ->   id int,
    ->   name char(16) not null,  # 约束了name not null
    ->   gender enum('male','female','others') default 'male'  # 指定了枚举范围,以及默认值
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
mysql> insert into student(id,name) values(1,'jason');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-------+--------+
| id   | name  | gender |
+------+-------+--------+
|    1 | jason | male   |
+------+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
- 
unique# 单列唯一
mysql> create table user1(
    -> id int unique,   # 约束 该字段不可以有重复记录
    -> name char(16)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into user1 values(1,'jason'),(1,'egon');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'id'
mysql> insert into user1 values(1,'jason'),(2,'jason');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from user1;
+------+-------+
| id   | name  |
+------+-------+
|    1 | jason |
|    2 | jason |
+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 联合唯一
mysql> create table server(
    ->   id int,
    ->   ip char(16),
    ->   port int,
    ->   unique(ip,port)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into server values(1,'127.0.0.1',8080);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into server values(2,'127.0.0.1',8080);  # 报错,因为ip与port同时与上已存在的记录相同了
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '127.0.0.1-8080' for key 'ip'
mysql> insert into server values(1,'127.0.0.0',8080);  # ip不同,port相同是合法的
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into server values(1,'127.0.0.1',8081);  #  ip相同,port不同是合法的
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
总结:
单列唯一 既 单个字段下的记录不能重复
联合唯一 既 多个字段下的记录不能同时重复
 prmary key + auto_incrementprmary key: 标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
auto_increment: 标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
 # 单从约束角度来说primary key就等价于not null unique
# ============单列做主键===============
# 方法一:not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique,  # 主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);
mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
# 方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key,  # 主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);
mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id);  # 创建主键并为其命名pk_name
mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
 # ==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)  # ip和port作为主键==>ip和port,不可以为空,不可重复
);
mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into service values
    -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
    -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');  # ip和port与第一条记录重复了,故报错
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
 补充delete from tb1;
强调:上面的这条命令确实可以将表里的所有记录都删掉,但不会将id重置为0,
所以收该条命令根本不是用来清空表的,delete是用来删除表中某一些符合条件的记录
delete from tb1 where id > 10;
如果要清空表,使用truncate tb1;
作用:将整张表重置,id重新从0开始记录