C#常用功能函数小结(.NET 4.5)

今天有空，把C#常用的功能总结一下，希望对您有用。（适用于.NET Framework 4.5）

1. 把类转换为字符串（序列化为XML字符串，支持xml的namespace）

using System.IO;
using System.Text;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Serialization;

public static string Serialize<T>(T t, string nameSpacePri, string nameSpace)
{
            try
            {
                var myNamespaces = new XmlSerializerNamespaces();
                myNamespaces.Add(nameSpacePri, nameSpace);

                var xs = new XmlSerializer(t.GetType());
                using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream())
                {
                    var settings = new XmlWriterSettings()
                    {
                        Encoding = Encoding.UTF8
                    };
                    using (var writer = XmlWriter.Create(memoryStream, settings))
                    {
                        xs.Serialize(writer, t, myNamespaces);
                    }
                    return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(memoryStream.ToArray());
                }
            }
            catch (System.Exception)
            {
                return null;
            }   
 }

2. 把带namespace的XML字符串反序列化为类对象

using System.IO;
using System.Text;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Serialization;

public sealed class XmlSerilizer
{
        public static T Deserialize<T>(string input)
        {
            try
            {
                var xs = new XmlSerializer(typeof (T));
                using (var reader = new StringReader(input))
                {
                    var namespaceReader = new NamespaceIgnorantXmlTextReader(reader);
                    return (T) xs.Deserialize(namespaceReader);
                }
            }
            catch (System.Exception e)
            {
                return default(T);
            }
        }
}

//忽略xml里面的namespace
public class NamespaceIgnorantXmlTextReader : XmlTextReader
{
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="NamespaceIgnorantXmlTextReader"/> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="reader">The reader.</param>
        public NamespaceIgnorantXmlTextReader(System.IO.TextReader reader) : base(reader) { }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the namespace URI (as defined in the W3C Namespace specification) of the node on which the reader is positioned.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>The namespace URI.</value>
        /// <returns>The namespace URI of the current node; otherwise an empty string.</returns>
        public override string NamespaceURI
        {
            get { return ""; }
        }
}

以上要注意xml的root，实体类要这样写：

    [Serializable]
    [XmlRoot(ElementName = "yourXmlRootName", DataType = "string", IsNullable = true)]
    public class Model
    {        
        [XmlElement(ElementName = "merchant", IsNullable = true)]
        public string merchant { get; set; }

        [XmlElement(ElementName = "address", IsNullable = false)]
        public string address{ get; set; }

        [XmlElement(ElementName = "status", IsNullable = false)]
        public string status { get; set; }
    }

3. 把JSON字符串反序列化为类对象

return Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<T>(jsonString);

4. 把类对象序列化为字符串

string output = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(product);

5. 获取程序的App data path

using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

 public static string GetApplicationDataPath()
{
            try
            {
                var asm = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly();
                var attrs = asm.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(AssemblyCompanyAttribute), false);
                var company = (AssemblyCompanyAttribute)attrs[0];
                attrs = asm.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(AssemblyTrademarkAttribute), false);
                var tradeMark = (AssemblyTrademarkAttribute)attrs[0];

                var pathTemp = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData), company.Company);
           
                pathTemp = Path.Combine(pathTemp, tradeMark.Trademark);
                pathTemp = Path.Combine(pathTemp, asm.GetName().Name);

                return pathTemp;
            }
            catch (System.Exception)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }
}

6. 清空目录（扩展方法）

using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

public static void Empty(this DirectoryInfo directory)
{
            foreach (FileInfo file in directory.GetFiles()) file.Delete();
            foreach (DirectoryInfo subDirectory in directory.GetDirectories()) subDirectory.Delete(true);
}

7. 计算文件的SHA1值

using System.Security.Cryptography;

public static string CalculateFileSha(byte[] buffer)
{
            using (var cryptoProvider = new SHA1CryptoServiceProvider())
            {
                return Convert.ToBase64String(cryptoProvider.ComputeHash(buffer));
            }
}

8. 写文件（另一个线程）

using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

public static void WriteFileAsync(string content, string fileName, bool append)
{
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(content)||string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileName)) return;
            
            Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
            {
                try
                {
                    using (var writer = new StreamWriter(fileName, append, Encoding.UTF8))
                    {
                        writer.AutoFlush = true;
                        writer.WriteLine(content);
                        writer.Close();
                    }
                }
                catch (System.Exception)
                {
                    
                }
            });
}

9. 等待被其它进程占用的文件

public static void WaitForFile(string fullPath)
{
            while (true)
            {
                try
                {
                    using (var stream = new StreamReader(fullPath))
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                catch
                {
                    Thread.Sleep(100);
                }
            }
}

10. XmlDocument和XDocument工具类

using System.Linq;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Linq;

namespace myCompany
{
    public sealed class XmlUtility
    {
        public static XDocument DocumentToXDocument(XmlDocument doc)
        {
            return XDocument.Load(new XmlNodeReader(doc));
        }

        public static XmlDocument XDocumentToXmlDocument(XDocument doc)
        {
            var xmlDocument = new XmlDocument();
            using (var xmlReader = doc.CreateReader())
            {
                xmlDocument.Load(xmlReader);
            }
            return xmlDocument;
        }

        public static XDocument XElementToXDocument(XElement element)
        {
            return new XDocument(element);
        }

        public static string RemoveAllNamespaces(string xmlDocument)
        {
            XElement xmlDocumentWithoutNs = RemoveAllNamespaces(XElement.Parse(xmlDocument));

            return xmlDocumentWithoutNs.ToString();
        }

        public static XElement RemoveAllNamespaces(XElement xmlDocument)
        {
            if (!xmlDocument.HasElements)
            {
                var xElement = new XElement(xmlDocument.Name.LocalName);
                xElement.Value = xmlDocument.Value;

                foreach (var attribute in xmlDocument.Attributes())
                    xElement.Add(attribute);

                return xElement;
            }
            return new XElement(xmlDocument.Name.LocalName, xmlDocument.Elements().Select(el => RemoveAllNamespaces(el)));
        }

        public static XDocument RemoveNamespaces(XDocument xmlDocument, string namespaces)
        {
            return XDocument.Parse(xmlDocument.ToString().Replace(namespaces, ""));
        }

    }
}

11. 使用XSLT转换两个xml

using System;
using System.Xml.Linq;
using System.Xml.Xsl;
using ETMS.MCC.Logging;
using ETMS.MCC.Utility;

namespace myCompany
{
    public class Converter
    {
        [ThreadStatic]
        private static XslCompiledTransform xslTransformer;

        public XDocument XsltTransform(XDocument inputDocument)
        {
            System.IO.Directory.SetCurrentDirectory(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory);
            return Transform(Utility.Constants.Configuration.ParameterXsltFile, inputDocument);
        }

        public XDocument XsltTransform(string xsltFilename, XDocument inputDocument)
        {
            return Transform(xsltFilename, inputDocument);
        }

        private XDocument Transform(string xsltFilename, XDocument inputDocument)
        {
            try
            {
                if (xslTransformer == null)
                {
                    xslTransformer = new XslCompiledTransform();
                    xslTransformer.Load(xsltFilename);
                }
                var result = new XDocument();
                using (var xw = result.CreateWriter())
                {
                    xslTransformer.Transform(XmlUtility.XDocumentToXmlDocument(inputDocument), null, xw);
                    xw.Close();
                    return result;
                }
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                return null;
            }
        }

    }
}

12. 批量任务处理，限制并发数

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public static async Task BulkExecute<T>(int maxConcurrency, IEnumerable<T> items, Func<T, Task> createTask)
{
     using (var sem = new SemaphoreSlim(maxConcurrency))
     {
         var tasks = new List<Task>();

         foreach (var item in items)
         {
             await sem.WaitAsync();
             var task = createTask(item).ContinueWith(t => sem.Release());
             tasks.Add(task);
         }

         await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
     }
}

13. 支持超时时间和最大容量的同步队列

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Timers;

namespace myCompany
{
    public abstract class AbstractProcessingQueue<T> : ConcurrentQueue<T> where T : class
    {        
        protected int _numberLimit;
       
        protected int _timeLimit;
       
        protected System.Timers.Timer _timer;
       
        protected int _onPublishExecuted;
       
        protected ReaderWriterLockSlim _locker;

        protected AbstractProcessingQueue()
        { }

        protected AbstractProcessingQueue(int numberLimit, int timeLimit)
        {
            Init(numberLimit, timeLimit);
        }
     
        public event Action<List<T>> OnPublish = delegate { };
       
        public virtual new void Enqueue(T item)
        {
            base.Enqueue(item);
            if (_numberLimit > 0 && Count >= _numberLimit)
            {
                Logger.GlobalWrite(string.Format("Processing queue number limit: {0}", _numberLimit), LogMessageCategory.Warning);
                Publish();
            }
        }

        private void Init(int capLimit, int timeLimit)
        {
            _numberLimit = capLimit;
            _timeLimit = timeLimit;
            _locker = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
            InitTimer();
        }

        protected virtual void InitTimer()
        {
            if (_timeLimit < 0) return;

            _timer = new System.Timers.Timer {AutoReset = false, Interval = _timeLimit*1000};
            _timer.Elapsed += new ElapsedEventHandler((s, e) =>
            {
                Logger.GlobalWrite(string.Format("Processing queue time limit: {0}", _timeLimit), LogMessageCategory.Warning);
                Publish();
            });
            _timer.Start();
        }

        protected virtual void Publish()
        {
            var task = new Task(() =>
            {
                var itemsToLog = new List<T>();
                try
                {
                    if (IsPublishing())
                        return;

                    StartPublishing();

                    T item;
                    while (TryDequeue(out item))
                    {
                        itemsToLog.Add(item);
                    }
                }
                catch (ThreadAbortException tex)
                {
                    
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    
                }
                finally
                {
                    OnPublish(itemsToLog);
                    CompletePublishing();
                }
            });
            task.Start();
        }

        private bool IsPublishing()
        {
            return (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _onPublishExecuted, 1, 0) > 0);
        }
        
        private void StartPublishing()
        {
            if (_timer != null)
                _timer.Stop();
        }
        
        private void CompletePublishing()
        {
            if (_timer != null)
                _timer.Start();
            Interlocked.Decrement(ref _onPublishExecuted);
        }
    }
}

14. 单例模式

using System;

namespace myCompany
{
    public sealed class Singleton
    {        
        static readonly Singleton Instance = new Singleton();

        private Singleton() { }

        public static Singleton GetInstance()
        {
            return Instance;
        }
    }
}

15. 根据httpRequest和httpHeader里面的content-type，获得请求类型

using System;
using System.Web;

public static MediaTypes GetMediaType(string contentTypeHeader)
{
    if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(contentTypeHeader))
        return MediaTypes.UNKNOWN;

    if (contentTypeHeader.Contains("text/plain")) return MediaTypes.TEXT;
    if (contentTypeHeader.Contains("application/json")) return MediaTypes.JSON;
    if (contentTypeHeader.Contains("html")) return MediaTypes.HTML;
    if (contentTypeHeader.Contains("application/xml")) return MediaTypes.XML;
    return MediaTypes.UNKNOWN;
}

16. 解析URL的parameter，例如http://www.abc.com?a=1&b=2&c=3，获取a，b，c

using System;
using System.Web;

public static string ParseText(string bodyText, string key)
{
    var myUri = new Uri("http://www.vefifone.com?" + bodyText);
    return HttpUtility.ParseQueryString(myUri.Query).Get(key);
}

17. 解析xml字符串，获取其中一个字段的值

using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Linq;
        
public long ParseXmlString(string messageBody)
{
    try
    {
        var xm = new XmlDocument();
        xm.LoadXml(messageBody);

        using (var reader = new XmlNodeReader(xm))
        {
            var Id = "";
            var doc = XDocument.Load(reader);
            var ele = doc.Document.Element("root1").Element("elementName");
            if (ele != null)
                Id = ele.Value;

            long id;
            if (!Int64.TryParse(Id, out id))
            {
                return -1;
            }
            return id;
        }
    }
    catch (Exception e)
    {               
        return -1;
    }
}

18. 把多个文件内容byte[]压缩为一个zip包，返回字节流byte[]

using ICSharpCode.SharpZipLib.Core;
using ICSharpCode.SharpZipLib.Zip;
using System.IO;
     
public byte[] ZipFiles(IEnumerable<byte[]> contents)
{
    try
    {
        using (var compressedFileStream = new MemoryStream())
        {
            using (var zipStream = new ZipOutputStream(compressedFileStream))
            {
                zipStream.SetLevel(9);

                foreach (var p in contents)
                {
                    using (var srcStream = new MemoryStream(p))
                    {
                        var entry = new ZipEntry("newname");
                        zipStream.PutNextEntry(entry);
                        StreamUtils.Copy(srcStream, zipStream, new byte[4096]);
                        zipStream.CloseEntry();
                    }
                }
                zipStream.IsStreamOwner = false;
                zipStream.Close();

                compressedFileStream.Position = 0;

                return compressedFileStream.ToArray();
            }
        }
    }
    catch (Exception e)
    {
        return null;
    }
}

19. 反序列化JsonDeserializer, XmlJsonDeserializer, DotNetXmlJsonDeserializer

interface IsonDeserializer:

namespace myCompany
{
	public interface IDeserializer
	{
		T Deserialize<T>(IRestResponse response);
		string RootElement { get; set; }
		string Namespace { get; set; }
		string DateFormat { get; set; }
	}
}

JsonDeserializer:

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using RestSharp.Extensions;

namespace myCompany
{
	public class JsonDeserializer : IDeserializer
	{
		public string RootElement { get; set; }
		public string Namespace { get; set; }
		public string DateFormat { get; set; }
		public CultureInfo Culture { get; set; }

		public JsonDeserializer()
		{
			Culture = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;
		}

		public T Deserialize<T>(IRestResponse response)
		{
			var target = Activator.CreateInstance<T>();

			if (target is IList)
			{
				var objType = target.GetType();

				if (RootElement.HasValue())
				{
					var root = FindRoot(response.Content);
					target = (T)BuildList(objType, root);
				}
				else
				{
					var data = SimpleJson.DeserializeObject(response.Content);
					target = (T)BuildList(objType, data);
				}
			}
			else if (target is IDictionary)
			{
				var root = FindRoot(response.Content);
				target = (T)BuildDictionary(target.GetType(), root);
			}
			else
			{
				var root = FindRoot(response.Content);
				Map(target, (IDictionary<string, object>)root);
			}

			return target;
		}

		private object FindRoot(string content)
		{
			var data = (IDictionary<string, object>)SimpleJson.DeserializeObject(content);
			if (RootElement.HasValue() && data.ContainsKey(RootElement))
			{
				return data[RootElement];
			}
			return data;
		}

		private void Map(object target, IDictionary<string, object> data)
		{
			var objType = target.GetType();
			var props = objType.GetProperties().Where(p => p.CanWrite).ToList();

			foreach (var prop in props)
			{
				var type = prop.PropertyType;

				string name = String.Empty;

				var attributes = prop.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DeserializeAsAttribute), false);
				if (attributes.Length > 0)
				{
					var attribute = (DeserializeAsAttribute)attributes[0];
					name = attribute.Name;
				}
				else
				{
					name = prop.Name;
				}

				var actualName = name.GetNameVariants(Culture).FirstOrDefault(n => data.ContainsKey(n));
				var value = actualName != null ? data[actualName] : null;

				if (value == null) continue;

				prop.SetValue(target, ConvertValue(type, value), null);
			}
		}

		private IDictionary BuildDictionary(Type type, object parent)
		{
			var dict = (IDictionary)Activator.CreateInstance(type);
			var valueType = type.GetGenericArguments()[1];
			foreach (var child in (IDictionary<string, object>)parent)
			{
				var key = child.Key;
				object item = null;
                if (valueType.IsGenericType && valueType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(List<>))
				{
                    item = BuildList(valueType, child.Value);
				}
				else
				{
                    item = ConvertValue(valueType, child.Value); 
				}
				dict.Add(key, item);
			}

			return dict;
		}

		private IList BuildList(Type type, object parent)
		{
			var list = (IList)Activator.CreateInstance(type);
			var listType = type.GetInterfaces().First(x => x.IsGenericType && x.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IList<>));
			var itemType = listType.GetGenericArguments()[0];

			if (parent is IList)
			{
				foreach (var element in (IList)parent)
				{
					if (itemType.IsPrimitive)
					{
						var value = element.ToString();
						list.Add(value.ChangeType(itemType, Culture));
					}
					else if (itemType == typeof(string))
					{
						if (element == null)
						{
							list.Add(null);
							continue;
						}

						list.Add(element.ToString());
					}
					else
					{
						if (element == null)
						{
							list.Add(null);
							continue;
						}

						var item = ConvertValue(itemType, element);
						list.Add(item);
					}
				}
			}
			else
			{
				list.Add(ConvertValue(itemType, parent));
			}
			return list;
		}

		private object ConvertValue(Type type, object value)
		{
			var stringValue = Convert.ToString(value, Culture);
			
			// check for nullable and extract underlying type
			if (type.IsGenericType && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(Nullable<>))
			{
				// Since the type is nullable and no value is provided return null
				if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(stringValue)) return null;

				type = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
			}
			
			if (type == typeof(System.Object) && value != null)
			{
				type = value.GetType();
			}

			if (type.IsPrimitive)
			{
				return value.ChangeType(type, Culture);
			}
			else if (type.IsEnum)
			{
				return type.FindEnumValue(stringValue, Culture);
			}
			else if (type == typeof(Uri))
			{
				return new Uri(stringValue, UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute);
			}
			else if (type == typeof(string))
			{
				return stringValue;
			}
			else if (type == typeof(DateTime)
#if !PocketPC
                || type == typeof(DateTimeOffset)
#endif
                )
			{
				DateTime dt;
				if (DateFormat.HasValue())
				{
					dt = DateTime.ParseExact(stringValue, DateFormat, Culture);
				}
				else
				{
					// try parsing instead
					dt = stringValue.ParseJsonDate(Culture);
				}

#if PocketPC
                return dt;
#else
				if (type == typeof(DateTime))
				{
					return dt;
				}
				else if (type == typeof(DateTimeOffset))
				{
					return (DateTimeOffset)dt;
				}
#endif
			}
			else if (type == typeof(Decimal))
			{
				if (value is double)
					return (decimal)((double)value);

				return Decimal.Parse(stringValue, Culture);
			}
			else if (type == typeof(Guid))
			{
				return string.IsNullOrEmpty(stringValue) ? Guid.Empty : new Guid(stringValue);
			}
			else if (type == typeof(TimeSpan))
			{
				return TimeSpan.Parse(stringValue);
			}
			else if (type.IsGenericType)
			{
				var genericTypeDef = type.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
				if (genericTypeDef == typeof(List<>))
				{
					return BuildList(type, value);
				}
				else if (genericTypeDef == typeof(Dictionary<,>))
				{
					var keyType = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];

					// only supports Dict<string, T>()
					if (keyType == typeof(string))
					{
						return BuildDictionary(type, value);
					}
				}
				else
				{
					// nested property classes
					return CreateAndMap(type, value);
				}
			}
			else
			{
				// nested property classes
				return CreateAndMap(type, value);
			}

			return null;
		}

		private object CreateAndMap(Type type, object element)
		{
			var instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type);

			Map(instance, (IDictionary<string, object>)element);

			return instance;
		}
	}
}

XmlDeserializer:

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Xml.Linq;

using RestSharp.Extensions;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Xml;
using System.ComponentModel;

namespace myCompany
{
	public class XmlDeserializer : IDeserializer
	{
		public string RootElement { get; set; }
		public string Namespace { get; set; }
		public string DateFormat { get; set; }
		public CultureInfo Culture { get; set; }

		public XmlDeserializer()
		{
			Culture = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;
		}

		public virtual T Deserialize<T>(IRestResponse response)
		{
			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty( response.Content ))
				return default(T);

			var doc = XDocument.Parse(response.Content);
			var root = doc.Root;
			if (RootElement.HasValue() && doc.Root != null)
			{
				root = doc.Root.Element(RootElement.AsNamespaced(Namespace));
			}

			// autodetect xml namespace
			if (!Namespace.HasValue())
			{
				RemoveNamespace(doc);
			}

			var x = Activator.CreateInstance<T>();
			var objType = x.GetType();

			if (objType.IsSubclassOfRawGeneric(typeof(List<>)))
			{
				x = (T)HandleListDerivative(x, root, objType.Name, objType);
			}
			else
			{
				Map(x, root);
			}

			return x;
		}

		private void RemoveNamespace(XDocument xdoc)
		{
			foreach (XElement e in xdoc.Root.DescendantsAndSelf())
			{
				if (e.Name.Namespace != XNamespace.None)
				{
					e.Name = XNamespace.None.GetName(e.Name.LocalName);
				}
				if (e.Attributes().Any(a => a.IsNamespaceDeclaration || a.Name.Namespace != XNamespace.None))
				{
					e.ReplaceAttributes(e.Attributes().Select(a => a.IsNamespaceDeclaration ? null : a.Name.Namespace != XNamespace.None ? new XAttribute(XNamespace.None.GetName(a.Name.LocalName), a.Value) : a));
				}
			}
		}

		protected virtual void Map(object x, XElement root)
		{
			var objType = x.GetType();
			var props = objType.GetProperties();

			foreach (var prop in props)
			{
				var type = prop.PropertyType;

				if (!type.IsPublic || !prop.CanWrite)
					continue;

				var name = prop.Name.AsNamespaced(Namespace);
				var value = GetValueFromXml(root, name, prop);

				if (value == null)
				{
					// special case for inline list items
					if (type.IsGenericType)
					{
						var genericType = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
						var first = GetElementByName(root, genericType.Name);
						var list = (IList)Activator.CreateInstance(type);

						if (first != null)
						{
							var elements = root.Elements(first.Name);
							PopulateListFromElements(genericType, elements, list);
						}

						prop.SetValue(x, list, null);
					}
					continue;
				}

				// check for nullable and extract underlying type
				if (type.IsGenericType && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(Nullable<>))
				{
					// if the value is empty, set the property to null...
					if (value == null || String.IsNullOrEmpty(value.ToString()))
					{
						prop.SetValue(x, null, null);
						continue;
					}
					type = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
				}

				if (type == typeof(bool))
				{
					var toConvert = value.ToString().ToLower();
					prop.SetValue(x, XmlConvert.ToBoolean(toConvert), null);
				}
				else if (type.IsPrimitive)
				{
					prop.SetValue(x, value.ChangeType(type, Culture), null);
				}
				else if (type.IsEnum)
				{
					var converted = type.FindEnumValue(value.ToString(), Culture);
					prop.SetValue(x, converted, null);
				}
				else if (type == typeof(Uri))
				{
					var uri = new Uri(value.ToString(), UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute);
					prop.SetValue(x, uri, null);
				}
				else if (type == typeof(string))
				{
					prop.SetValue(x, value, null);
				}
				else if (type == typeof(DateTime))
				{
					if (DateFormat.HasValue())
					{
						value = DateTime.ParseExact(value.ToString(), DateFormat, Culture);
					}
					else
					{
						value = DateTime.Parse(value.ToString(), Culture);
					}

					prop.SetValue(x, value, null);
				}
#if !PocketPC
				else if (type == typeof(DateTimeOffset))
				{
					var toConvert = value.ToString();
					if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(toConvert))
					{
						DateTimeOffset deserialisedValue;
						try
						{
							deserialisedValue = XmlConvert.ToDateTimeOffset(toConvert);
							prop.SetValue(x, deserialisedValue, null);
						}
						catch (Exception)
						{
							object result;
							if (TryGetFromString(toConvert, out result, type))
							{
								prop.SetValue(x, result, null);
							}
							else
							{
								//fallback to parse
								deserialisedValue = DateTimeOffset.Parse(toConvert);
								prop.SetValue(x, deserialisedValue, null);
							}
						}
					}
				}
#endif
				else if (type == typeof(Decimal))
				{
					value = Decimal.Parse(value.ToString(), Culture);
					prop.SetValue(x, value, null);
				}
				else if (type == typeof(Guid))
				{
					var raw = value.ToString();
					value = string.IsNullOrEmpty(raw) ? Guid.Empty : new Guid(value.ToString());
					prop.SetValue(x, value, null);
				}
				else if (type == typeof(TimeSpan))
				{
					var timeSpan = XmlConvert.ToTimeSpan(value.ToString());
					prop.SetValue(x, timeSpan, null);
				}
				else if (type.IsGenericType)
				{
					var t = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
					var list = (IList)Activator.CreateInstance(type);

					var container = GetElementByName(root, prop.Name.AsNamespaced(Namespace));

					if (container.HasElements)
					{
						var first = container.Elements().FirstOrDefault();
						var elements = container.Elements(first.Name);
						PopulateListFromElements(t, elements, list);
					}

					prop.SetValue(x, list, null);
				}
				else if (type.IsSubclassOfRawGeneric(typeof(List<>)))
				{
					// handles classes that derive from List<T>
					// e.g. a collection that also has attributes
					var list = HandleListDerivative(x, root, prop.Name, type);
					prop.SetValue(x, list, null);
				}
				else
				{
					//fallback to type converters if possible
					object result;
					if (TryGetFromString(value.ToString(), out result, type))
					{
						prop.SetValue(x, result, null);
					}
					else
					{
						// nested property classes
						if (root != null)
						{
							var element = GetElementByName(root, name);
							if (element != null)
							{
								var item = CreateAndMap(type, element);
								prop.SetValue(x, item, null);
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}

		private static bool TryGetFromString(string inputString, out object result, Type type)
		{
#if !SILVERLIGHT && !WINDOWS_PHONE && !PocketPC
			var converter = TypeDescriptor.GetConverter(type);
			if (converter.CanConvertFrom(typeof(string)))
			{
				result = (converter.ConvertFromInvariantString(inputString));
				return true;
			}
			result = null;
			return false;
#else
			result = null;
			return false;
#endif
		}

		private void PopulateListFromElements(Type t, IEnumerable<XElement> elements, IList list)
		{
			foreach (var element in elements)
			{
				var item = CreateAndMap(t, element);
				list.Add(item);
			}
		}

		private object HandleListDerivative(object x, XElement root, string propName, Type type)
		{
			Type t;

			if (type.IsGenericType)
			{
				t = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
			}
			else
			{
				t = type.BaseType.GetGenericArguments()[0];
			}


			var list = (IList)Activator.CreateInstance(type);

			var elements = root.Descendants(t.Name.AsNamespaced(Namespace));
			
			var name = t.Name;

			if (!elements.Any())
			{
				var lowerName = name.ToLower().AsNamespaced(Namespace);
				elements = root.Descendants(lowerName);
			}

			if (!elements.Any())
			{
				var camelName = name.ToCamelCase(Culture).AsNamespaced(Namespace);
				elements = root.Descendants(camelName);
			}

			if (!elements.Any())
			{
				elements = root.Descendants().Where(e => e.Name.LocalName.RemoveUnderscoresAndDashes() == name);
			}

			if (!elements.Any())
			{
				var lowerName = name.ToLower().AsNamespaced(Namespace);
				elements = root.Descendants().Where(e => e.Name.LocalName.RemoveUnderscoresAndDashes() == lowerName);
			}

			PopulateListFromElements(t, elements, list);

			// get properties too, not just list items
			// only if this isn't a generic type
			if (!type.IsGenericType)
			{
				Map(list, root.Element(propName.AsNamespaced(Namespace)) ?? root); // when using RootElement, the heirarchy is different
			}

			return list;
		}

		protected virtual object CreateAndMap(Type t, XElement element)
		{
			object item;
			if (t == typeof(String))
			{
				item = element.Value;
			}
			else if (t.IsPrimitive)
			{
				item = element.Value.ChangeType(t, Culture);
			}
			else
			{
				item = Activator.CreateInstance(t);
				Map(item, element);
			}

			return item;
		}

		protected virtual object GetValueFromXml(XElement root, XName name, PropertyInfo prop)
		{
			object val = null;

			if (root != null)
			{
				var element = GetElementByName(root, name);
				if (element == null)
				{
					var attribute = GetAttributeByName(root, name);
					if (attribute != null)
					{
						val = attribute.Value;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					if (!element.IsEmpty || element.HasElements || element.HasAttributes)
					{
						val = element.Value;
					}
				}
			}

			return val;
		}

		protected virtual XElement GetElementByName(XElement root, XName name)
		{
			var lowerName = name.LocalName.ToLower().AsNamespaced(name.NamespaceName);
			var camelName = name.LocalName.ToCamelCase(Culture).AsNamespaced(name.NamespaceName);

			if (root.Element(name) != null)
			{
				return root.Element(name);
			}

			if (root.Element(lowerName) != null)
			{
				return root.Element(lowerName);
			}

			if (root.Element(camelName) != null)
			{
				return root.Element(camelName);
			}

			if (name == "Value".AsNamespaced(name.NamespaceName))
			{
				return root;
			}

			// try looking for element that matches sanitized property name (Order by depth)
			var element = root.Descendants()
				.OrderBy(d => d.Ancestors().Count())
				.FirstOrDefault(d => d.Name.LocalName.RemoveUnderscoresAndDashes() == name.LocalName) 
				?? root.Descendants()
				.OrderBy(d => d.Ancestors().Count())
				.FirstOrDefault(d => d.Name.LocalName.RemoveUnderscoresAndDashes() == name.LocalName.ToLower());

			if (element != null)
			{
				return element;
			}

			return null;
		}

		protected virtual XAttribute GetAttributeByName(XElement root, XName name)
		{
			var lowerName = name.LocalName.ToLower().AsNamespaced(name.NamespaceName);
			var camelName = name.LocalName.ToCamelCase(Culture).AsNamespaced(name.NamespaceName);

			if (root.Attribute(name) != null)
			{
				return root.Attribute(name);
			}

			if (root.Attribute(lowerName) != null)
			{
				return root.Attribute(lowerName);
			}

			if (root.Attribute(camelName) != null)
			{
				return root.Attribute(camelName);
			}

			// try looking for element that matches sanitized property name
			var element = root.Attributes().FirstOrDefault(d => d.Name.LocalName.RemoveUnderscoresAndDashes() == name.LocalName);
			if (element != null)
			{
				return element;
			}

			return null;
		}
	}
}

DotNetXmlDeserializer:

using System.IO;
using System.Text;

namespace myCompany
{
	public class DotNetXmlDeserializer : IDeserializer
	{
		public string DateFormat { get; set; }

		public string Namespace { get; set; }

		public string RootElement { get; set; }

		public T Deserialize<T>(IRestResponse response)
		{
			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(response.Content))
			{
				return default(T);
			}

			using (var stream = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(response.Content)))
			{
				var serializer = new System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer(typeof(T));
				return (T)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
			}
		}
	}
}

20. 常用扩展方法（持续更新）

using System.IO;
using System.Text;

namespace myCompany.Helper
{
	/*
	* 与Stream和byte[]有关的扩展方法
	*/
	public static class DataExtensions
	{
		/*
		*  把字符串用UTF8流Stream输出
		*  用法： context.Response.OutputStream.WriteStringUtf8(
	@"<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""utf-8"" ?>
<Response>
	<Error>
		<Message>Not found!</Message>
	</Error>
</Response>");
		*/
		public static void WriteStringUtf8(this Stream target, string value)
		{
			var encoded = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value);
			target.Write(encoded, 0, encoded.Length);
		}
		
		//把字节流byte[]另存为文件
		public static void SaveAs(this byte[] input, string path)
		{
			File.WriteAllBytes(path, input);
		}
		
		//流Stream读为 byte[]
		public static byte[] ReadAsBytes(this Stream input)
		{
			byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024];
			using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
			{
				int read;
				while ((read = input.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length)) > 0)
				{
					ms.Write(buffer, 0, read);
				}
				return ms.ToArray();
			}
		}
		
		//Stream CopyTo方法
		public static void CopyTo(this Stream input, Stream output)
		{
			var buffer = new byte[32768];
			while(true)
			{
				var read = input.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
				if(read <= 0)
					return;
				output.Write(buffer, 0, read);
			}
		}
		
		//byte[]转换为字符串
		public static string AsString(this byte[] buffer)
		{
            if (buffer == null) return "";

			// Ansi as default
			Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8;
			return encoding.GetString(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
			
		}
		
	}
	
	/*
	* 与反射/Reflection有关的扩展方法
	*/
	public static class ReflectionExtensions
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// Retrieve an attribute from a member (property)
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="T">Type of attribute to retrieve</typeparam>
		/// <param name="prop">Member to retrieve attribute from</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static T GetAttribute<T>(this MemberInfo prop) where T : Attribute {
			return Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(prop, typeof(T)) as T;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Retrieve an attribute from a type
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="T">Type of attribute to retrieve</typeparam>
		/// <param name="type">Type to retrieve attribute from</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static T GetAttribute<T>(this Type type) where T : Attribute {
			return Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(type, typeof(T)) as T;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Checks a type to see if it derives from a raw generic (e.g. List[[]])
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="toCheck"></param>
		/// <param name="generic"></param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static bool IsSubclassOfRawGeneric(this Type toCheck, Type generic) {
			while (toCheck != typeof(object)) {
				var cur = toCheck.IsGenericType ? toCheck.GetGenericTypeDefinition() : toCheck;
				if (generic == cur) {
					return true;
				}
				toCheck = toCheck.BaseType;
			}
			return false;
		}

		public static object ChangeType(this object source, Type newType)
		{
			return Convert.ChangeType(source, newType);
		}

		public static object ChangeType(this object source, Type newType, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			return Convert.ChangeType(source, newType, culture);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Find a value from a System.Enum by trying several possible variants
		/// of the string value of the enum.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="type">Type of enum</param>
		/// <param name="value">Value for which to search</param>
		/// <param name="culture">The culture used to calculate the name variants</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static object FindEnumValue(this Type type, string value, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			var ret = Enum.GetValues( type )
			.Cast<Enum>()
			.FirstOrDefault(v => v.ToString().GetNameVariants(culture).Contains(value, StringComparer.Create(culture, true)));

			if (ret == null)
			{
				var enumValueAsUnderlyingType = Convert.ChangeType(value, Enum.GetUnderlyingType(type), culture);
				if (enumValueAsUnderlyingType != null && Enum.IsDefined(type, enumValueAsUnderlyingType))
				{
					ret = (Enum) Enum.ToObject(type, enumValueAsUnderlyingType);
				}
			}

			return ret;

		}
	}
	
	/*
	* 与String字符串有关的扩展方法
	*/
	public static class StringExtensions
	{
		public static bool IsNullOrBlank(this string value)
		{
			return String.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ||
				(!String.IsNullOrEmpty(value) && value.Trim() == String.Empty);
		}

		public static bool EqualsIgnoreCase(this string left, string right)
		{
			return String.Compare(left, right, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) == 0;
		}

		public static bool EqualsAny(this string input, params string[] args)
		{
			return args.Aggregate(false, (current, arg) => current | input.Equals(arg));
		}

		public static string FormatWith(this string format, params object[] args)
		{
			return String.Format(format, args);
		}

		public static string FormatWithInvariantCulture(this string format, params object[] args)
		{
			return String.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, format, args);
		}

		public static string Then(this string input, string value)
		{
			return String.Concat(input, value);
		}

		public static string UrlEncode(this string value)
		{
			// [DC] This is more correct than HttpUtility; it escapes spaces as %20, not +
			return Uri.EscapeDataString(value);
		}

		public static string UrlDecode(this string value)
		{
			return Uri.UnescapeDataString(value);
		}

		public static Uri AsUri(this string value)
		{
			return new Uri(value);
		}

		public static string ToBase64String(this byte[] input)
		{
			return Convert.ToBase64String(input);
		}

		public static byte[] GetBytes(this string input)
		{
			return Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input);
		}

		public static string PercentEncode(this string s)
		{
			var bytes = s.GetBytes();
			var sb = new StringBuilder();
			foreach (var b in bytes)
			{
				// [DC]: Support proper encoding of special characters (\n\r\t\b)
				if ((b > 7 && b < 11) || b == 13)
				{
					sb.Append(string.Format("%0{0:X}", b));
				}
				else
				{
					sb.Append(string.Format("%{0:X}", b));
				}
			}
			return sb.ToString();
		}

		public static IDictionary<string, string> ParseQueryString(this string query)
		{
			// [DC]: This method does not URL decode, and cannot handle decoded input
			if (query.StartsWith("?")) query = query.Substring(1);

			if (query.Equals(string.Empty))
			{
				return new Dictionary<string, string>();
			}

			var parts = query.Split(new[] {'&'});

			return parts.Select(
				part => part.Split(new[] {'='})).ToDictionary(
					pair => pair[0], pair => pair[1]
				);
		}
		
		public static string UrlDecode(this string input)
		{
			return HttpUtility.UrlDecode(input);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Uses Uri.EscapeDataString() based on recommendations on MSDN
		/// http://blogs.msdn.com/b/yangxind/archive/2006/11/09/don-t-use-net-system-uri-unescapedatastring-in-url-decoding.aspx
		/// </summary>
		public static string UrlEncode(this string input)
		{
			const int maxLength = 32766;
			if (input == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException("input");

			if (input.Length <= maxLength)
				return Uri.EscapeDataString(input);

			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(input.Length * 2);
			int index = 0;
			while (index < input.Length)
			{
				int length = Math.Min(input.Length - index, maxLength);
				string subString = input.Substring(index, length);
				sb.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(subString));
				index += subString.Length;
			}

			return sb.ToString();
		}


		public static string HtmlDecode(this string input)
		{
			return HttpUtility.HtmlDecode(input);
		}

		public static string HtmlEncode(this string input)
		{
			return HttpUtility.HtmlEncode(input);
		}


		public static string HtmlAttributeEncode(this string input)
		{
			return HttpUtility.HtmlAttributeEncode(input);
		}


		/// <summary>
		/// Check that a string is not null or empty
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="input">String to check</param>
		/// <returns>bool</returns>
		public static bool HasValue(this string input)
		{
			return !string.IsNullOrEmpty(input);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Remove underscores from a string
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="input">String to process</param>
		/// <returns>string</returns>
		public static string RemoveUnderscoresAndDashes(this string input)
		{
			return input.Replace("_", "").Replace("-", ""); // avoiding regex
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Parses most common JSON date formats
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="input">JSON value to parse</param>
		/// <returns>DateTime</returns>
		public static DateTime ParseJsonDate(this string input, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			input = input.Replace("\n", "");
			input = input.Replace("\r", "");

			input = input.RemoveSurroundingQuotes();

			long? unix = null;
            try {
                unix = Int64.Parse(input);
            } catch (Exception) { };
			if (unix.HasValue)
			{
				var epoch = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
				return epoch.AddSeconds(unix.Value);
			}

			if (input.Contains("/Date("))
			{
				return ExtractDate(input, @"\\?/Date\((-?\d+)(-|\+)?([0-9]{4})?\)\\?/", culture);
			}

			if (input.Contains("new Date("))
			{
				input = input.Replace(" ", "");
				// because all whitespace is removed, match against newDate( instead of new Date(
				return ExtractDate(input, @"newDate\((-?\d+)*\)", culture);
			}

			return ParseFormattedDate(input, culture);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Remove leading and trailing " from a string
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="input">String to parse</param>
		/// <returns>String</returns>
		public static string RemoveSurroundingQuotes(this string input)
		{
			if (input.StartsWith("\"") && input.EndsWith("\""))
			{
				// remove leading/trailing quotes
				input = input.Substring(1, input.Length - 2);
			}
			return input;
		}

		private static DateTime ParseFormattedDate(string input, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			var formats = new[] {
				"u", 
				"s", 
				"yyyy'-'MM'-'dd'T'HH':'mm':'ss'Z'", 
				"yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ssZ", 
				"yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ssZ", 
				"yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss", 
				"yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:sszzzzzz",
				"M/d/yyyy h:mm:ss tt" // default format for invariant culture
			};

			DateTime date;
			if (DateTime.TryParseExact(input, formats, culture, DateTimeStyles.None, out date))
			{
				return date;
			}
			if (DateTime.TryParse(input, culture, DateTimeStyles.None, out date))
			{
				return date;
			}

			return default(DateTime);
		}

		private static DateTime ExtractDate(string input, string pattern, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			DateTime dt = DateTime.MinValue;
			var regex = new Regex(pattern);
			if (regex.IsMatch(input))
			{
				var matches = regex.Matches(input);
				var match = matches[0];
				var ms = Convert.ToInt64(match.Groups[1].Value);
				var epoch = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
				dt = epoch.AddMilliseconds(ms);

				// adjust if time zone modifier present
				if (match.Groups.Count > 2 && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(match.Groups[3].Value))
				{
					var mod = DateTime.ParseExact(match.Groups[3].Value, "HHmm", culture);
					if (match.Groups[2].Value == "+")
					{
						dt = dt.Add(mod.TimeOfDay);
					}
					else
					{
						dt = dt.Subtract(mod.TimeOfDay);
					}
				}

			}
			return dt;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Checks a string to see if it matches a regex
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="input">String to check</param>
		/// <param name="pattern">Pattern to match</param>
		/// <returns>bool</returns>
		public static bool Matches(this string input, string pattern)
		{
			return Regex.IsMatch(input, pattern);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Converts a string to pascal case
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="lowercaseAndUnderscoredWord">String to convert</param>
		/// <returns>string</returns>
		public static string ToPascalCase(this string lowercaseAndUnderscoredWord, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			return ToPascalCase(lowercaseAndUnderscoredWord, true, culture);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Converts a string to pascal case with the option to remove underscores
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="text">String to convert</param>
		/// <param name="removeUnderscores">Option to remove underscores</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static string ToPascalCase(this string text, bool removeUnderscores, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(text))
				return text;

			text = text.Replace("_", " ");
			string joinString = removeUnderscores ? String.Empty : "_";
			string[] words = text.Split(' ');
			if (words.Length > 1 || words[0].IsUpperCase())
			{
				for (int i = 0; i < words.Length; i++)
				{
					if (words[i].Length > 0)
					{
						string word = words[i];
						string restOfWord = word.Substring(1);

						if (restOfWord.IsUpperCase())
							restOfWord = restOfWord.ToLower(culture);

						char firstChar = char.ToUpper(word[0], culture);
						words[i] = String.Concat(firstChar, restOfWord);
					}
				}
				return String.Join(joinString, words);
			}
			return String.Concat(words[0].Substring(0, 1).ToUpper(culture), words[0].Substring(1));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Converts a string to camel case
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="lowercaseAndUnderscoredWord">String to convert</param>
		/// <returns>String</returns>
		public static string ToCamelCase(this string lowercaseAndUnderscoredWord, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			return MakeInitialLowerCase(ToPascalCase(lowercaseAndUnderscoredWord, culture));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Convert the first letter of a string to lower case
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="word">String to convert</param>
		/// <returns>string</returns>
		public static string MakeInitialLowerCase(this string word)
		{
			return String.Concat(word.Substring(0, 1).ToLower(), word.Substring(1));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Checks to see if a string is all uppper case
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="inputString">String to check</param>
		/// <returns>bool</returns>
		public static bool IsUpperCase(this string inputString)
		{
			return Regex.IsMatch(inputString, @"^[A-Z]+$");
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Add underscores to a pascal-cased string
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="pascalCasedWord">String to convert</param>
		/// <returns>string</returns>
		public static string AddUnderscores(this string pascalCasedWord)
		{
			return
				Regex.Replace(
					Regex.Replace(Regex.Replace(pascalCasedWord, @"([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])", "$1_$2"), @"([a-z\d])([A-Z])",
						"$1_$2"), @"[-\s]", "_");
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Add dashes to a pascal-cased string
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="pascalCasedWord">String to convert</param>
		/// <returns>string</returns>
		public static string AddDashes(this string pascalCasedWord)
		{
			return
				Regex.Replace(
					Regex.Replace(
						Regex.Replace(pascalCasedWord, @"([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])", "$1-$2"),
					@"([a-z\d])([A-Z])",
				"$1-$2"), @"[\s]", "-");
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Add an undescore prefix to a pascasl-cased string
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="pascalCasedWord"></param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static string AddUnderscorePrefix(this string pascalCasedWord)
		{
			return string.Format("_{0}", pascalCasedWord);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Return possible variants of a name for name matching.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="name">String to convert</param>
		/// <param name="culture">The culture to use for conversion</param>
		/// <returns>IEnumerable&lt;string&gt;</returns>
		public static IEnumerable<string> GetNameVariants(this string name, CultureInfo culture)
		{
			if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
				yield break;

			yield return name;

			// try camel cased name
			yield return name.ToCamelCase(culture);

			// try lower cased name
			yield return name.ToLower(culture);

			// try name with underscores
			yield return name.AddUnderscores();

			// try name with underscores with lower case
			yield return name.AddUnderscores().ToLower(culture);

			// try name with dashes
			yield return name.AddDashes();

			// try name with dashes with lower case
			yield return name.AddDashes().ToLower(culture);

			// try name with underscore prefix
			yield return name.AddUnderscorePrefix();

			// try name with underscore prefix, using camel case
			yield return name.ToCamelCase(culture).AddUnderscorePrefix();
		}
	}
	
	/*
	* 与XML有关的扩展方法
	*/
	public static class XmlExtensions
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// Returns the name of an element with the namespace if specified
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="name">Element name</param>
		/// <param name="namespace">XML Namespace</param>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public static XName AsNamespaced(this string name, string @namespace) {
			XName xName = name;

			if (@namespace.HasValue())
				xName = XName.Get(name, @namespace);

			return xName;
		}
	}
	
	/*
	* 与日期Datatime有关的扩展方法
	*/
	public static class TimeExtensions
	{
		public static DateTime FromNow(this TimeSpan value)
		{
			return new DateTime((DateTime.Now + value).Ticks);
		}

		public static DateTime FromUnixTime(this long seconds)
		{
			var time = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1);
			time = time.AddSeconds(seconds);

			return time.ToLocalTime();
		}

		public static long ToUnixTime(this DateTime dateTime)
		{
			var timeSpan = (dateTime - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1));
			var timestamp = (long) timeSpan.TotalSeconds;

			return timestamp;
		}
	}
	
	/*
	* 与集合Collection有关的扩展方法
	*/
	public internal static class CollectionExtensions
	{
		public static IEnumerable<T> AsEnumerable<T>(this T item)
		{
			return new[] {item};
		}

		public static IEnumerable<T> And<T>(this T item, T other)
		{
			return new[] {item, other};
		}

		public static IEnumerable<T> And<T>(this IEnumerable<T> items, T item)
		{
			foreach (var i in items)
			{
				yield return i;
			}

			yield return item;
		}

		public static K TryWithKey<T, K>(this IDictionary<T, K> dictionary, T key)
		{
			return dictionary.ContainsKey(key) ? dictionary[key] : default(K);
		}

		public static IEnumerable<T> ToEnumerable<T>(this object[] items) where T : class
		{
			foreach (var item in items)
			{
				var record = item as T;
				yield return record;
			}
		}

		public static void ForEach<T>(this IEnumerable<T> items, Action<T> action)
		{
			foreach (var item in items)
			{
				action(item);
			}
		}

		public static void AddRange(this IDictionary<string, string> collection, NameValueCollection range)
		{
			foreach (var key in range.AllKeys)
			{
				collection.Add(key, range[key]);
			}
		}

		public static string ToQueryString(this NameValueCollection collection)
		{
			var sb = new StringBuilder();
			if (collection.Count > 0)
			{
				sb.Append("?");
			}

			var count = 0;
			foreach (var key in collection.AllKeys)
			{
				sb.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", key, collection[key].UrlEncode());
				count++;

				if (count >= collection.Count)
				{
					continue;
				}
				sb.Append("&");
			}
			return sb.ToString();
		}


		public static string Concatenate(this WebParameterCollection collection, string separator, string spacer)
		{
			var sb = new StringBuilder();

			var total = collection.Count;
			var count = 0;

			foreach (var item in collection)
			{
				sb.Append(item.Name);
				sb.Append(separator);
				sb.Append(item.Value);

				count++;
				if (count < total)
				{
					sb.Append(spacer);
				}
			}

			return sb.ToString();
		}
	}
}