Linux /proc、/dev Principle
目录
1. /proc简介 2. 内核机制相关 3. 进程信息 4. 硬件设备相关 5. 系统信息 6. /dev简介 7. 内存相关
1. /proc简介
在linux的根目录下有一个/proc目录，/proc文件系统是一个虚拟文件系统，通过它可以使用一种新的方法在Linux内核空间和用户空间之间进行通信。在/proc文件系统中，我们可以将对虚拟文件的读写作为与内核中实体进行通信的一种手段，但是与普通文件不同的是，这些虚拟文件的内容都是动态创建的(即在我们执行指令的那一刹那才产生的)
/proc文件系统包含了：
1. 一些目录(用作组织信息的方式) 例如linux对于当前运行中的每一个进程都在/proc目录下建立一个目录(目录名就是process-id)，例如init的进程号是1，则目录名也是1 2. 虚拟文件 虚拟文件可以向用户呈现内核中的一些信息，也可以用作一种从用户空间向内核发送信息的手段
执行: ll /proc，我们可以得到如下结果
dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 1 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 10 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 1024 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 11 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 12 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12016 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12017 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12018 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12019 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12020 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12021 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12022 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 apache apache 0 Jul 30 05:08 12023 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 13 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 1329 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 1349 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 14 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 147 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 148 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 149 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 15 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 00:14 15269 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 154 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 155 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 16 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 1613 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 1638 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 17 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 17:07 17975 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 18 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 17:12 18170 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 19 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 19:46 19703 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 20:04 19846 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 20:04 19851 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 2 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 20 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 21 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 postfix postfix 0 Jul 31 01:36 21833 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 22 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 22122 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 23 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 24 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 25 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 254 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 255 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 256 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 257 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 258 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 259 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 26 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 260 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 261 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 262 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 263 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 264 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 265 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 266 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 267 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 268 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 269 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 27 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 270 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 271 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 272 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 273 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 274 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 275 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 276 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 277 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 278 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 279 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 28 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 280 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 281 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 282 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 283 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 29 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 3 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 30 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 31 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 32 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 342 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 343 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 368 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 37 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 38 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 4 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 40 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 41 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 434 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 5 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 512 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 6 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 7 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 71 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 dbus dbus 0 Jul 28 20:32 7682 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7693 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7699 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7716 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7718 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7743 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 haldaemon haldaemon 0 Jul 28 20:32 7752 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7753 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7799 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 haldaemon haldaemon 0 Jul 28 20:32 7803 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7820 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7838 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7884 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 7900 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 8 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8016 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 postfix postfix 0 Jul 28 20:32 8023 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8040 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8048 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8058 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8072 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8089 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8112 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8117 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8119 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8121 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8125 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:33 8128 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8136 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8139 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8155 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 gdm gdm 0 Jul 28 20:32 8225 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8231 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8273 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 rtkit rtkit 0 Jul 28 20:32 8284 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 8290 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 866 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8926 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8936 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8944 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8945 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8959 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8968 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8969 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8974 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8981 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8982 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8996 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8997 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 8999 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 9 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9005 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9007 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9009 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9011 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9015 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9016 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9018 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9019 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9020 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9023 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9024 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 05:08 9028 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9031 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9032 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9036 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9039 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9046 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9052 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9054 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9061 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9065 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9066 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9067 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9072 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 05:08 9073 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 30 05:08 9082 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:39 9118 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:40 9124 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root utmp 0 Jul 28 20:40 9125 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:40 9126 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:43 9160 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 936 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 937 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 21:27 9474 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 974 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 975 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 0 Jul 28 22:05 9779 dr-xr-xr-x. 10 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 acpi dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 asound -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 buddyinfo dr-xr-xr-x. 6 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 bus -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 cgroups -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 cmdline -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 cpuinfo -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 crypto -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 devices -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 diskstats -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 dma dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 driver -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 execdomains -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 fb -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 filesystems dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 fs -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 interrupts -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 iomem -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 ioports dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 ipmi dr-xr-xr-x. 55 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 irq -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 kallsyms -r--------. 1 root root 4096 Jul 31 01:36 kcore -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 keys -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 key-users -r--------. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 kmsg -r--------. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 kpagecount -r--------. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 kpageflags -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 loadavg -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 locks -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 mdstat -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 meminfo -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 misc -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 modules lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Jul 31 01:36 mounts -> self/mounts dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 mpt -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 mtd -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 mtrr lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Jul 31 01:36 net -> self/net -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 pagetypeinfo -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 partitions -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 sched_debug -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 schedstat dr-xr-xr-x. 4 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 scsi lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 64 Jul 31 00:01 self -> 22122 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 slabinfo -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 softirqs -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 stat -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 swaps dr-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:31 sys --w-------. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 sysrq-trigger dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 sysvipc -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 timer_list -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 timer_stats dr-xr-xr-x. 4 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 tty -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 uptime -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 version -r--------. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 vmallocinfo -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 28 20:32 vmstat -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 31 01:36 zoneinfo
值得注意的是，使用"sysctl -a | more"指令，我们可以直接获得当前/proc中保存的所有变量，一次性全部显示出来
文章接下来的部分，我们按照逻辑功能对它们进行分类，逐类学习
Relevant Link:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-proc.html http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/howlinuxworks/linux_hlproc.html http://wenku.baidu.com/view/056b1ad780eb6294dd886c78.html
2. 内核机制相关
0x1: /proc/interrupts: The number of interrupts per IRQ
CPU0 0: 606 IO-APIC-edge timer 1: 13433 IO-APIC-edge i8042 3: 3 IO-APIC-edge 4: 53832 IO-APIC-edge 7: 0 IO-APIC-edge parport0 8: 1 IO-APIC-edge rtc0 9: 0 IO-APIC-fasteoi acpi 12: 25137 IO-APIC-edge i8042 14: 0 IO-APIC-edge ata_piix 15: 0 IO-APIC-edge ata_piix 16: 29335 IO-APIC-fasteoi Ensoniq AudioPCI 17: 125483 IO-APIC-fasteoi ehci_hcd:usb1, ioc0 18: 672 IO-APIC-fasteoi uhci_hcd:usb2 19: 542116 IO-APIC-fasteoi eth0 24: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 25: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 26: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 27: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 28: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 29: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 30: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 31: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 32: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 33: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 34: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 35: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 36: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 37: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 38: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 39: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 40: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 41: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 42: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 43: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 44: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 45: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 46: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 47: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 48: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 49: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 50: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 51: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 52: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 53: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 54: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 55: 0 PCI-MSI-edge pciehp 56: 815644 PCI-MSI-edge ahci NMI: 0 Non-maskable interrupts LOC: 4947286 Local timer interrupts SPU: 0 Spurious interrupts PMI: 0 Performance monitoring interrupts IWI: 0 IRQ work interrupts RES: 0 Rescheduling interrupts CAL: 0 Function call interrupts TLB: 0 TLB shootdowns TRM: 0 Thermal event interrupts THR: 0 Threshold APIC interrupts MCE: 0 Machine check exceptions MCP: 391 Machine check polls ERR: 0 MIS: 0
0x2: /proc/ioports: A list of currently registered input-output port regions that are in use
列出当前系统所有的输入输出接口
0000-0cf7 : PCI Bus 0000:00 0000-001f : dma1 0020-0021 : pic1 0040-0043 : timer0 0050-0053 : timer1 0060-0060 : keyboard 0064-0064 : keyboard 0070-0071 : rtc0 0080-008f : dma page reg 00a0-00a1 : pic2 00c0-00df : dma2 00f0-00ff : fpu 0170-0177 : 0000:00:07.1 0170-0177 : ata_piix 01f0-01f7 : 0000:00:07.1 01f0-01f7 : ata_piix 02f8-02ff : serial 0376-0376 : 0000:00:07.1 0376-0376 : ata_piix 0378-037a : parport0 03c0-03df : vga+ 03f6-03f6 : 0000:00:07.1 03f6-03f6 : ata_piix 03f8-03ff : serial 0cf0-0cf1 : pnp 00:01 0cf8-0cff : PCI conf1 0d00-feff : PCI Bus 0000:00 1000-103f : 0000:00:07.3 1000-103f : pnp 00:01 1000-1003 : ACPI PM1a_EVT_BLK 1004-1005 : ACPI PM1a_CNT_BLK 1008-100b : ACPI PM_TMR 100c-100f : ACPI GPE0_BLK 1010-1015 : ACPI CPU throttle 1040-104f : 0000:00:07.3 1040-104f : pnp 00:01 1060-106f : 0000:00:07.1 1060-106f : ata_piix 1070-107f : 0000:00:0f.0 1080-10bf : 0000:00:07.7 1400-14ff : 0000:00:10.0 2000-3fff : PCI Bus 0000:02 2000-207f : 0000:02:01.0 2000-201f : pcnet32_probe_pci 2080-20bf : 0000:02:02.0 2080-20bf : Ensoniq AudioPCI 20c0-20df : 0000:02:00.0 20c0-20df : uhci_hcd 4000-4fff : PCI Bus 0000:03 5000-5fff : PCI Bus 0000:0b 6000-6fff : PCI Bus 0000:13 7000-7fff : PCI Bus 0000:1b 8000-8fff : PCI Bus 0000:04 9000-9fff : PCI Bus 0000:0c a000-afff : PCI Bus 0000:14 b000-bfff : PCI Bus 0000:1c c000-cfff : PCI Bus 0000:05 d000-dfff : PCI Bus 0000:0d e000-efff : PCI Bus 0000:15 fce0-fcff : pnp 00:0d
0x3: /proc/locks
cat /proc/locks 1: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 8089 08:03:694 0 EOF 2: POSIX ADVISORY WRITE 8072 08:03:20385 0 EOF 3: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 8057 08:03:2498 0 EOF 4: POSIX ADVISORY WRITE 8040 08:03:2070 0 EOF 5: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 8016 08:03:19948 0 EOF 6: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 8016 08:03:335 0 EOF 7: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 1344 08:03:123 0 EOF
0x4: /proc/modules: A list of kernel modules loaded by the system
tcp_diag 693 0 - Live 0xf7e3e000 inet_diag 7334 1 tcp_diag, Live 0xf7e2c000 lp 6830 0 - Live 0xf7ef4000 rfcomm 61472 4 - Live 0xf8007000 sco 14781 2 - Live 0xf7edb000 bridge 67439 0 - Live 0xf7f5d000 bnep 13428 2 - Live 0xf7ed0000 l2cap 47378 16 rfcomm,bnep, Live 0xf7eac000 8021q 20355 0 - Live 0xf7e6c000 garp 5703 1 8021q, Live 0xf7e41000 stp 1626 2 bridge,garp, Live 0xf7e38000 llc 4258 3 bridge,garp,stp, Live 0xf7e30000 ipt_REJECT 1867 2 - Live 0xf8c98000 nf_conntrack_ipv4 7694 2 - Live 0xf8c8f000 nf_defrag_ipv4 1039 1 nf_conntrack_ipv4, Live 0xf8c85000 iptable_filter 2173 1 - Live 0xf8c7d000 ip_tables 9567 1 iptable_filter, Live 0xf8c74000 ip6t_REJECT 3987 2 - Live 0xf8c66000 nf_conntrack_ipv6 6940 2 - Live 0xf8c5d000 nf_defrag_ipv6 8839 1 nf_conntrack_ipv6, Live 0xf8c52000 xt_state 1064 4 - Live 0xf8c48000 nf_conntrack 65661 3 nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state, Live 0xf8c2b000 ip6table_filter 2245 1 - Live 0xf8c0c000 ip6_tables 10301 1 ip6table_filter, Live 0xf8c03000 ipv6 261676 27 ip6t_REJECT,nf_conntrack_ipv6,nf_defrag_ipv6, Live 0xf8bad000 fuse 62472 4 - Live 0xf8b3b000 uinput 6020 0 - Live 0xf8a16000 microcode 12248 0 - Live 0xf8a04000 ppdev 7297 0 - Live 0xf89f6000 vmware_balloon 5811 0 - Live 0xf89ec000 snd_ens1371 16851 4 - Live 0xf89de000 snd_rawmidi 18061 1 snd_ens1371, Live 0xf89cb000 snd_ac97_codec 95611 1 snd_ens1371, Live 0xf89a2000 ac97_bus 968 1 snd_ac97_codec, Live 0xf897d000 snd_seq 44677 0 - Live 0xf896a000 snd_seq_device 5124 2 snd_rawmidi,snd_seq, Live 0xf8953000 snd_pcm 68374 3 snd_ens1371,snd_ac97_codec, Live 0xf8935000 snd_timer 17216 3 snd_seq,snd_pcm, Live 0xf8913000 snd 52350 13 snd_ens1371,snd_rawmidi,snd_ac97_codec,snd_seq,snd_seq_device,snd_pcm,snd_timer, Live 0xf88f5000 soundcore 6390 1 snd, Live 0xf88da000 snd_page_alloc 7236 1 snd_pcm, Live 0xf88cf000 pcnet32 29234 0 - Live 0xf88be000 mii 4476 1 pcnet32, Live 0xf88ac000 parport_pc 19086 1 - Live 0xf889f000 parport 29925 3 lp,ppdev,parport_pc, Live 0xf8887000 btusb 14139 2 - Live 0xf8872000 bluetooth 83558 9 rfcomm,sco,bnep,l2cap,btusb, Live 0xf884c000 rfkill 14794 3 bluetooth, Live 0xf8823000 sg 24038 0 - Live 0xf8810000 i2c_piix4 11156 0 - Live 0xf87fe000 i2c_core 25632 1 i2c_piix4, Live 0xf87eb000 ext4 335766 2 - Live 0xf807c000 jbd2 76054 1 ext4, Live 0xf7ff3000 mbcache 6017 1 ext4, Live 0xf7fd1000 sr_mod 13282 0 - Live 0xf7fc5000 cdrom 33416 1 sr_mod, Live 0xf7fb1000 sd_mod 34952 4 - Live 0xf7f97000 crc_t10dif 1217 1 sd_mod, Live 0xf7f84000 ahci 35561 0 - Live 0xf7f72000 pata_acpi 2513 0 - Live 0xf7f5b000 ata_generic 2805 0 - Live 0xf7f54000 ata_piix 20861 0 - Live 0xf7f2c000 mptspi 14567 3 - Live 0xf7ef7000 mptscsih 31362 1 mptspi, Live 0xf7ee2000 mptbase 86744 2 mptspi,mptscsih, Live 0xf7eb9000 scsi_transport_spi 20014 1 mptspi, Live 0xf7e93000 dm_mirror 11969 0 - Live 0xf7e83000 dm_region_hash 9644 1 dm_mirror, Live 0xf7e74000 dm_log 8322 2 dm_mirror,dm_region_hash, Live 0xf7e68000 dm_mod 70099 2 dm_mirror,dm_log, Live 0xf7e48000
lsmod指令就是通过这个虚拟设备(整个/proc就是一个沟通user mode和kernel mode的虚拟设备)获取到的
0x5: /proc/net: Various network pseudo files. The netstat command suite provides cleaner access to these files
net指令就是通过读者/proc/net目录下的文件得到的网络连接信息的
1. arp: The kernel address resolution protocol table 2. dev: Network device status information 3. ipx 4. ipx_route 5. rarp: used to provide rarp services 6. raw: A dump of the RAW socket table 7. route: Looks like route 8. snmp: Holds the ASCII databases used for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP management information bases for an snmp agent. 9. tcp: A dump of the TCP socket table. 10. udp: A dump of the UDP socket table 11. unix: Lists UNIX domain sockets and their status 12. packet 显示了当前正在处理网络数据包的进程 http://blog.cloudpassage.com/2012/09/05/warn-packet-sniffer-running/ http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/linux/2000/11/16/LinuxAdmin.html
这个目录下还有很多文件，但是作用不大，就没有列出来，有兴趣的朋友可以使用: ll /proc/net/进行查看
0x6: /proc/slabinfo
slabinfo - version: 2.1 # name <active_objs> <num_objs> <objsize> <objperslab> <pagesperslab> : tunables <limit> <batchcount> <sharedfactor> : slabdata <active_slabs> <num_slabs> <sharedavail> bridge_fdb_cache 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 nf_conntrack_expect 0 0 168 23 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 nf_conntrack_c0acb540 1 16 240 16 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 fib6_nodes 22 113 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 ip6_dst_cache 13 30 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 ndisc_cache 1 20 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 ip6_mrt_cache 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 RAWv6 4 5 768 5 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 UDPLITEv6 0 0 704 11 2 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 UDPv6 0 0 704 11 2 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 tw_sock_TCPv6 0 0 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 request_sock_TCPv6 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 TCPv6 3 5 1408 5 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 fuse_request 4 13 296 13 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 fuse_inode 3 9 448 9 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 jbd2_1k 0 0 1024 4 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 avtab_node 551052 551145 16 203 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 2715 2715 0 ext4_inode_cache 77697 78576 644 6 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 13096 13096 0 ext4_xattr 11 78 48 78 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 ext4_free_block_extents 0 0 36 101 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 ext4_alloc_context 0 0 108 36 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 ext4_prealloc_space 3 56 68 56 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 ext4_system_zone 0 0 24 145 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 jbd2_journal_handle 0 0 20 169 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 jbd2_journal_head 8 315 60 63 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 5 5 0 jbd2_revoke_table 4 254 12 254 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 jbd2_revoke_record 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 sd_ext_cdb 2 113 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 scsi_sense_cache 90 90 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 3 3 0 scsi_cmd_cache 80 80 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 4 4 0 dm_raid1_read_record 0 0 1052 7 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 kcopyd_job 0 0 2340 3 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 io 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dm_uevent 0 0 2460 3 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dm_rq_clone_bio_info 0 0 8 339 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dm_rq_target_io 0 0 248 16 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dm_target_io 0 0 16 203 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dm_io 0 0 24 145 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 flow_cache 0 0 84 46 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 uhci_urb_priv 5 127 28 127 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 cfq_io_context 75 112 68 56 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 cfq_queue 75 78 152 26 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 3 3 0 bsg_cmd 0 0 284 14 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 mqueue_inode_cache 1 7 576 7 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 isofs_inode_cache 0 0 380 10 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 hugetlbfs_inode_cache 1 11 352 11 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 dquot 0 0 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 kioctx 0 0 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 kiocb 0 0 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 inotify_event_private_data 2 203 16 203 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 inotify_inode_mark_entry 234 252 60 63 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 4 4 0 dnotify_mark_entry 0 0 60 63 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dnotify_struct 0 0 20 169 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 dio 0 0 320 12 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 fasync_cache 5 203 16 203 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 ksm_mm_slot 0 0 24 145 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 ksm_stable_node 0 0 20 169 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 ksm_rmap_item 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 utrace_engine 0 0 28 127 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 utrace 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 pid_namespace 0 0 76 50 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 posix_timers_cache 0 0 120 32 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 uid_cache 5 59 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 UNIX 592 609 512 7 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 87 87 0 ip_mrt_cache 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 UDP-Lite 0 0 640 6 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 tcp_bind_bucket 4 113 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 inet_peer_cache 2 59 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 secpath_cache 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 xfrm_dst_cache 0 0 320 12 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 ip_fib_alias 0 0 16 203 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 ip_fib_hash 10 101 36 101 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 ip_dst_cache 21 30 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 arp_cache 4 20 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 PING 0 0 576 7 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 RAW 2 7 576 7 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 UDP 2 6 640 6 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 tw_sock_TCP 0 0 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 request_sock_TCP 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 TCP 5 6 1280 3 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 eventpoll_pwq 59 101 36 101 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 eventpoll_epi 59 90 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 3 3 0 sgpool-128 2 2 3072 2 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 sgpool-64 2 5 1536 5 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 sgpool-32 2 5 768 5 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 sgpool-16 2 10 384 10 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 sgpool-8 4 20 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 scsi_data_buffer 0 0 20 169 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 blkdev_integrity 0 0 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 blkdev_queue 27 28 1744 4 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 7 7 0 blkdev_requests 68 68 224 17 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 4 4 0 blkdev_ioc 72 144 52 72 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 fsnotify_event_holder 0 0 12 254 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 fsnotify_event 2 63 60 63 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 bio-0 4 30 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 biovec-256 2 2 3072 2 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 biovec-128 0 0 1536 5 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 biovec-64 0 0 768 5 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 biovec-16 0 0 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 bip-256 2 2 3136 2 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 bip-128 0 0 1600 5 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 bip-64 0 0 832 9 2 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 bip-16 0 0 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 bip-4 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 bip-1 0 0 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 sock_inode_cache 679 684 448 9 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 76 76 0 skbuff_fclone_cache 0 0 384 10 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 skbuff_head_cache 111 120 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 6 6 0 file_lock_cache 7 39 100 39 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 net_namespace 0 0 1376 5 2 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 shmem_inode_cache 726 729 448 9 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 81 81 0 Acpi-Operand 4288 4416 40 92 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 48 48 0 Acpi-ParseExt 0 0 48 78 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 Acpi-Parse 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 Acpi-State 0 0 44 84 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 Acpi-Namespace 3218 3335 24 145 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 23 23 0 task_delay_info 279 300 76 50 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 6 6 0 taskstats 7 12 328 12 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 proc_inode_cache 4663 4790 384 10 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 479 479 0 sigqueue 8 27 144 27 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 bdev_cache 31 35 512 7 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 5 5 0 sysfs_dir_cache 12048 12050 76 50 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 241 241 0 mnt_cache 29 40 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 filp 4890 5010 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 167 167 0 inode_cache 10624 10626 352 11 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 966 966 0 dentry 103609 105386 132 29 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 3634 3634 0 names_cache 6 6 4096 1 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 6 6 0 avc_node 512 624 48 78 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 8 8 0 selinux_inode_security 94408 96012 44 84 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1143 1143 0 radix_tree_node 22287 22347 296 13 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 1719 1719 0 key_jar 3 30 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 buffer_head 27980 30485 56 67 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 455 455 0 nsproxy 0 0 24 145 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 vm_area_struct 9472 10218 100 39 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 262 262 0 mm_struct 99 99 448 9 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 11 11 0 fs_cache 104 113 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 1 1 0 files_cache 105 105 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 7 7 0 signal_cache 180 180 640 6 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 30 30 0 sighand_cache 177 177 1344 3 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 59 59 0 task_xstate 279 279 832 9 2 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 31 31 0 task_struct 274 276 1360 3 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 92 92 0 cred_jar 423 510 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 17 17 0 anon_vma_chain 6501 7540 24 145 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 52 52 0 anon_vma 5053 5577 20 169 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 33 33 0 pid 295 295 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 5 5 0 idr_layer_cache 626 650 148 26 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 25 25 0 size-4194304(DMA) 0 0 4194304 1 1024 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-4194304 0 0 4194304 1 1024 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-2097152(DMA) 0 0 2097152 1 512 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-2097152 0 0 2097152 1 512 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-1048576(DMA) 0 0 1048576 1 256 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-1048576 0 0 1048576 1 256 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-524288(DMA) 0 0 524288 1 128 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-524288 0 0 524288 1 128 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-262144(DMA) 0 0 262144 1 64 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-262144 0 0 262144 1 64 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-131072(DMA) 0 0 131072 1 32 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-131072 0 0 131072 1 32 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-65536(DMA) 0 0 65536 1 16 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-65536 2 2 65536 1 16 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 2 2 0 size-32768(DMA) 0 0 32768 1 8 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-32768 0 0 32768 1 8 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-16384(DMA) 0 0 16384 1 4 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-16384 37 37 16384 1 4 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 37 37 0 size-8192(DMA) 0 0 8192 1 2 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-8192 9 9 8192 1 2 : tunables 8 4 0 : slabdata 9 9 0 size-4096(DMA) 0 0 4096 1 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-4096 59 59 4096 1 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 59 59 0 size-2048(DMA) 0 0 2048 2 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-2048 150 150 2048 2 1 : tunables 24 12 0 : slabdata 75 75 0 size-1024(DMA) 0 0 1024 4 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-1024 516 516 1024 4 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 129 129 0 size-512(DMA) 0 0 512 8 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-512 842 856 512 8 1 : tunables 54 27 0 : slabdata 107 107 0 size-256(DMA) 0 0 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-256 144 150 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 10 10 0 size-192(DMA) 0 0 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-192 960 960 192 20 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 48 48 0 size-128(DMA) 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-128 776 780 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 26 26 0 size-96(DMA) 0 0 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-96 1470 1470 128 30 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 49 49 0 size-64(DMA) 0 0 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-32(DMA) 0 0 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 0 0 0 size-64 5007 5133 64 59 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 87 87 0 size-32 368885 369058 32 113 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 3266 3266 0 kmem_cache 186 195 256 15 1 : tunables 120 60 0 : slabdata 13 13 0
0x7: /proc/sys: Directory corresponding to kernel variables
1. debug 2. dev 3. fs 4. kernel 4.1 domainname 4.2 file-max 4.3 file-nr 4.4 hostname 4.5 inode-max 4.6 inode-nr 4.7 osrelease 4.8 ostype 4.9 panic 4.10 real-root-dev 4.11 securelevel 4.12 version 5. net 6. proc 7. sunrpc 8. vm
0x8: /proc/kallsyms
在v2.6.0的内核中，为了更好地调试内核，引入新的功能kallsyms(前提是编译内核的时候开启了： static int all_symbols = 1;)
kallsyms把内核用到的所有函数地址和名称连接进内核文件，当内核启动后，同时加载到内存中
1. 当发生oops，例如在内核中访问空地址时，内核就会解析eip位于哪个函数中，并打印出形如： EIP is at cleanup_module+0xb/0x1d [client]的信息, 2. 调用栈也用可读的方式显示出来. Call Trace: [<c013096d>] sys_delete_module+0x191/0x1ce [<c02dd30a>] do_page_fault+0x189/0x51d [<c0102bc1>] syscall_call+0x7/0xb 3. 还可以查找某个函数例如的sys_fork的地址，然后hook它，kprobe就是这么干的
在v2.6.20 中,还可以包含所有符号的地址，应此功能更强大，就相当于内核中有了System.map了，这时候就可以很方便的查找sys_call_table的地址了
echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict sysctl cat /proc/kallsyms //输出全部内核导出的、未导出的符号表
Relevant Link:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_86b97e1601010z3b.html http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-27717694-id-3985448.html
3. 进程信息
0x1: 以进程PID为目录名的目录
当前linux运行中的每一个进程在/proc下一定都可以找到一个对应的以它的进程号作为目录名的子目录，这个目录描述这个进程的相关信息。
每个进程对应的目录都包含了如下的子目录
1. cmdline: The command line the process was invoked with 启动当前进程的命令行，即用户使用什么指令来启动这个进程，例如: /usr/bin/shell arg1 arg2，则这个shell进程的cmdline就是"/usr/bin/shell arg1 arg2" 2. cwd: A link to the current working directory of the process 指向当前进程的"工作目录"的符号链接 3. environ: The process environment 当前进程的环境变量 4. exe: A pointer appearing as a symbolic link to the binary that was executed 这个进程对应于磁盘上的程序文件名称，包括完整路径，例如"/usr/bin/shell" 5. fd: A subdirectory with one entry per file that the process has open 1) 0-std input 2) 1-std output 3) 2-std err 6. maps: Contains the currently mapped memory regions and their access permissions. The format is: address perms offset dev idnode filename 08048000-0804e000 r-xp 00000400 0302 192233 /sbin/init 0804e000-0804f000 rw-p 00005000 0302 192233 /sbin/init 7. mem: The memory of the process that accesses the /dev/mem device 8. root: Points to the root filesystem 指向根目录"/"的符号链接 9. stat: Status information about the process used by the ps command 1) pid: Process id(进程pdi) 2) comm: The executable filename(可执行文件名) 3) state: 3.1) R(running) 3.2) S(sleeping interruptable) 3.3) D(sleeping) 3.4) Z(zombie) 3.5) T(stopped on a signal) 4) ppid: Parent process ID(父进程pid) 5) pgrp: Process group ID(进程所属组) 6) session: The process session ID(进程session会话id) 7) tty: The tty the process is using(进程所使用的tty) 8) tpgid: The process group ID of the owning process of the tty the current process is connected to. 9) flags: Process flags 10) minflt: Minor faults the process has made 11) cminflt: Minor faults the process and its children have made. 12) majflt 13) cmajflt 14) utime: The number of jiffies (processor time) that this process has been scheduled in user mode 当前进程在"用户态"所消耗的CPU调度时间 15) stime: in kernel mode 当前进程在"内核态"所消耗的CPU调度时间 16) cutime: This process and its children in user mode 当前进程以及子进程在"用户态"所消耗的CPU时间 17) cstime: in kernel mode 当前进程以及子进程在"内核态"所消耗的CPU时间 18) counter: The maximum time of this processes next time slice 这个字段和CPU调度相关，counter表明它的所剩的时间片，即动态优先级(时间片越少自然优先级就越低了) 19) priority: The priority of the nice(process priority) value plus fifteen 20) timeout: The time in jiffies of the process's next timeout. 21) itrealvalue: The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to the process because of an internal timer. 22) starttime: Time the process started after system boot 当前进程已运行时间 23) vsize: Virtual memory size 当前进程所占用的虚拟内存 24) rlim: Current limit in bytes of the rss of the process. 25) startcode: The address above which program text can run. 26) endcode: The address below which program text can run. 27) startstack: The address of the start of the stack 28) kstkesp: The current value of esp for the process as found in the kernel stack page. 29) kstkeip: The current 32 bit instruction pointer, EIP. 30) signal: The bitmap of pending signals 31) blocked: The bitmap of blocked signals 32) sigignore: The bitmap of ignored signals 33) sigcatch: The bitmap of catched signals 34) wchan: The channel in which the process is waiting. The "ps -l" command gives somewhat of a list.
0x2: /proc/[pid]/maps
这个文件用于查看进程的虚拟地址空间是如何使用的，文件有6列，分别为：
1. 地址：库在进程里地址范围 2. 权限：虚拟内存的权限 1) r = 读 2) w = 写 3) x = 执行 4) s = 共享 5) p = 私有 3. 偏移量：库在进程里地址范围 4. 设备：映像文件的主设备号和次设备号 5. 节点：映像文件的节点号 6. 路径: 映像文件的路径
每项都与一个"struct vm_area_struct"结构成员对应
http://www.cnblogs.com/LittleHann/p/3865490.html 搜索：0x2: vm_area_struct
Relevant Link:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49f07e46010148m0.html
0x3: /proc/[pid]/mem
Linux下使用ptrace调用可以监视和控制其他进程，并能够改变进程的寄存器值和内核映像。ptrace提供了PTRACE_PEEKDATA来实现进程内存读取，这是原语级的操作，在x86_64下一次仅读取8字节。因此在读取量较大时，需要反复调用ptrace。/proc/<PID>/mem接口提供了read调用，只需一次就可以读取任意大小内存
Relevant Link:
http://my.oschina.net/u/180497/blog/141673 http://yuangeqingtian.blog.51cto.com/6994701/1214789
4. 硬件设备相关
0x1: /proc/bus
1. pci: A directory 1.1 00: A directory containing filenames like 00.0, 07.0, 07.1, 07.2, 08.0, 09.0, and 0b.0. Each are 256 bytes long and appear to be in binary form 1.2 02: A directory 1.3 devices I think this file numerically identifies devices on the pci bus. My file contains: 枚举列出了当前系统挂接的总线设备 2. input: A directory 输入设备 3. pccard: A directory pccard设备 4. usb: A directory usb设备
0x2: /proc/cpuinfo: CPU architecture information
processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 69 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4200U CPU @ 1.60GHz stepping : 1 cpu MHz : 2294.740 cache size : 3072 KB fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss nx pdpe1gb rdtscp constant_tsc up arch_perfmon pebs
bts xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc aperfmperf unfair_spinlock pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor ida arat
epb xsaveopt pln pts dts fsgsbase smep bogomips : 4589.48 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management:
0x3: /proc/devices: Text listing of major numbers and device groups
列出当前系统挂载(mount)的设备
Character devices: 1 mem 4 /dev/vc/0 4 tty 4 ttyS 5 /dev/tty 5 /dev/console 5 /dev/ptmx 6 lp 7 vcs 10 misc 13 input 14 sound 21 sg 29 fb 99 ppdev 116 alsa 128 ptm 136 pts 162 raw 180 usb 189 usb_device 202 cpu/msr 203 cpu/cpuid 216 rfcomm 249 hidraw 250 usbmon 251 bsg 252 pcmcia 253 watchdog 254 rtc Block devices: 1 ramdisk 259 blkext 7 loop 8 sd 9 md 11 sr 65 sd 66 sd 67 sd 68 sd 69 sd 70 sd 71 sd 128 sd 129 sd 130 sd 131 sd 132 sd 133 sd 134 sd 135 sd 253 device-mapper 254 mdp
0x4: /proc/dma: A list of ISA direct memory access channels in use
4: cascade
0x5: /proc/fs
1. ext4 2. jbd2 3. nfsd
0x6: /proc/mounts: Shows mounted filesystems. Shows device, mount point, filesystem type, permissions, and two flags
rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 proc /proc proc rw,relatime 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime,size=960940k,nr_inodes=183013,mode=755 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,seclabel,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0 /dev/sda3 / ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 none /selinux selinuxfs rw,relatime 0 0 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime,size=960940k,nr_inodes=183013,mode=755 0 0 /proc/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb usbfs rw,relatime 0 0 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,relatime 0 0 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /root/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0 0 0
0x7: /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x000000000 ( 0MB), size= 2048MB, count=1: write-back
0x8: /proc/scsi: A directory with scsi files and driver directories
1. scsi: A list of all scsi devices known to the kernel 2. device_info - Various scsi driver brand names dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Jun 4 17:03 ./ dr-xr-xr-x 117 root root 0 May 21 21:10 ../ -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jun 4 17:03 device_info -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jun 4 17:03 scsi dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jun 4 17:03 sg/
0x9: /proc/ioports
root@iZ231vybmaeZ:/usr/local/aegis/aegis_client/aegis_00_73# cat /proc/ioports 0000-0cf7 : PCI Bus 0000:00 0000-001f : dma1 0020-0021 : pic1 0040-0043 : timer0 0050-0053 : timer1 0060-0060 : keyboard 0064-0064 : keyboard 0070-0071 : rtc0 0080-008f : dma page reg 00a0-00a1 : pic2 00c0-00df : dma2 00f0-00ff : fpu 0170-0177 : 0000:00:01.1 0170-0177 : ata_piix 01f0-01f7 : 0000:00:01.1 01f0-01f7 : ata_piix 0376-0376 : 0000:00:01.1 0376-0376 : ata_piix 03c0-03df : vga+ 03f2-03f2 : floppy 03f4-03f5 : floppy 03f6-03f6 : 0000:00:01.1 03f6-03f6 : ata_piix 03f7-03f7 : floppy 04d0-04d1 : pnp 00:02 08a0-08a3 : pnp 00:02 0cc0-0ccf : pnp 00:02 0cf8-0cff : PCI conf1 0d00-ffff : PCI Bus 0000:00 10c0-1141 : pnp 00:01 1f40-1f7f : 0000:00:01.3 1f40-1f43 : ACPI PM1a_EVT_BLK 1f44-1f45 : ACPI PM1a_CNT_BLK 1f48-1f4b : ACPI PM_TMR 1f68-1f6f : ACPI GPE0_BLK b010-b015 : ACPI CPU throttle b044-b047 : pnp 00:01 c000-c0ff : 0000:00:03.0 c000-c0ff : xen-platform-pci c100-c11f : 0000:00:01.2 c100-c11f : uhci_hcd c120-c12f : 0000:00:01.1 c120-c12f : ata_piix
5. 系统信息
0x1: /proc/cmdline: 系统命令行
cmdline: The command line at system startup.
My file contains:
"ro root=UUID=c03bcf41-af81-41b2-b476-e986f278bbb2 rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=129M@0M
KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet"
0x2: /proc/filesystems: A text listing of the filesystems compiled into the kernel
显示当前系统已经安装支持的文件系统驱动(即支持哪些文件系统)
nodev sysfs
nodev rootfs
nodev bdev
nodev proc
nodev cgroup
nodev cpuset
nodev tmpfs
nodev devtmpfs
nodev binfmt_misc
nodev debugfs
nodev securityfs
nodev sockfs
nodev usbfs
nodev pipefs
nodev anon_inodefs
nodev inotifyfs
nodev devpts
nodev ramfs
nodev hugetlbfs
iso9660
nodev pstore
nodev mqueue
nodev selinuxfs
ext4
nodev fuse
fuseblk
nodev fusectl
0x3: /proc/kcore: Represents the physical memory of the system stored in the core format
/proc/kcore: ELF 32-bit LSB core file Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), SVR4-style, from 'ro root=UUID=c03bcf41-af81-41b2-b476-e986f278bbb2 rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM LANG=en_U'
0x4: /proc/kmsg: This file can be used to log system messages
输入指令
cat /proc/kmsg
命令行会进入消息循环阻塞状态，不断打印出当前系统的的message，我们可以利用这个特性进行内核开发的调试
0x5: /proc/loadavg: Load average numbers
显示当前系统负载情况
0.00 0.00 0.00 1/275 24279
0x6: /proc/meminfo: report memory usage
MemTotal: 1938768 kB MemFree: 593004 kB Buffers: 78100 kB Cached: 750600 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 589528 kB Inactive: 373588 kB Active(anon): 48524 kB Inactive(anon): 90908 kB Active(file): 541004 kB Inactive(file): 282680 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB HighTotal: 1189832 kB HighFree: 584536 kB LowTotal: 748936 kB LowFree: 8468 kB SwapTotal: 4161528 kB SwapFree: 4161528 kB Dirty: 24 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 134436 kB Mapped: 70708 kB Shmem: 5016 kB Slab: 353944 kB SReclaimable: 31848 kB SUnreclaim: 322096 kB KernelStack: 2184 kB PageTables: 7208 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 5130912 kB Committed_AS: 650372 kB VmallocTotal: 122880 kB VmallocUsed: 5908 kB VmallocChunk: 103832 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 12280 kB DirectMap2M: 894976 kB
0x7: /proc/misc
229 fuse 223 uinput 184 microcode 57 rfkill 58 device-mapper 59 network_throughput 60 network_latency 61 cpu_dma_latency 62 crash 175 agpgart 144 nvram 228 hpet 231 snapshot 227 mcelog 63 vga_arbiter
0x8: /proc/partitions: Lists the partitions and their device major and minor numbers
major minor #blocks name 8 0 10485760 sda 8 1 307200 sda1 8 2 4161536 sda2 8 3 6016000 sda3
0x9: /proc/stat: kernel statistics subdirectory
显示和系统当前运行状态有关的信息
1. cpu: Jiffies spent in user mode, user mode with low priority, system mode, and idle. 2. disk: Four disk entries not yet implemented 3. page: The number of pages the system paged in and out. 4. swap: Swap pages that have been brought in and out. 5. intr: The number of interrupts received form the system boot 6. ctxt: The number of context switches that the system underwent. 7. btime: Boot time in seconds since Jan 1, 1970.
cat /proc/stat
cpu 3355 2034 14361 34172 957 143 75 0 0 cpu0 3355 2034 14361 34172 957 143 75 0 0 intr 313510 209 383 0 3 268 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3578 0 0 0 2034 79701 478 294 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 ctxt 364763 btime 1406815679 processes 3447 procs_running 1 procs_blocked 0 softirq 520879 0 205379 252 298 79676 0 592 0 100 234582
0x10: /proc/swaps: A file defining swap partitions
显示当前系统内存交换文件
Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 4161528 0 -1
0x11: /proc/tty
1. driver: A directory 1. serial 2. drivers: A file listing device drivers /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system /dev/vc/0 /dev/vc/0 4 0 system:vtmaster rfcomm /dev/rfcomm 216 0-255 serial serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-95 serial pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-1048575 pty:slave pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-1048575 pty:master unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
0x12: /proc/version
Linux version 2.6.32-431.20.5.el6.centos.plus.i686 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.6 20120305 (Red Hat 4.4.6-4) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Jul 25 06:25:17 UTC 2014
0x13: /proc/sys/
The /proc/sys/ directory is different from others in /proc/ because it not only provides information about the system but also allows the system administrator to immediately enable and disable kernel features.
Relevant Link:
https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/s2-proc-dir-sys.html
6. /dev简介
设备文件分为两种: 块设备文件(b)和字符设备文件(c)，对于/dev我们需要明白，它不是设备驱动，linux有自己的设备驱动，/dev下的文件只是访问相应驱动的接口
设备文件一般存放在/dev目录下，对常见设备文件作如下说明：
/dev/hd[a-t]：IDE设备 /dev/sd[a-z]：SCSI设备 /dev/fd[0-7]：标准软驱 /dev/md[0-31]：软raid设备 /dev/loop[0-7]：本地回环设备 /dev/ram[0-15]：内存 /dev/null：无限数据接收设备,相当于黑洞 /dev/zero：无限零资源 /dev/tty[0-63]：虚拟终端 /dev/ttyS[0-3]：串口 /dev/lp[0-3]：并口 /dev/console：控制台(tty) /dev/fb[0-31]：framebuffer /dev/cdrom => /dev/hdc /dev/modem => /dev/ttyS[0-9] /dev/pilot => /dev/ttyS[0-9] /dev/random：随机数设备 /dev/urandom：随机数设备
0x1: tty(本地交互终端shell设备)
"tty"这个词源于Teletypes，或者teletypewriters，原来指的是电传打字机，是通过串行线用打印机键盘通过阅读和发送信息的东西，后 来这东西被键盘与显示器取代，所以现在叫终端比较合适。
终端是一种字符型设备，它有多种类型，通常使用tty来简称各种类型的终端设备。
通常我们在linux下看到的控制台(console)是由几个设备完成的。分别是
1. /dev/tty0 tty0就是/dev/console，由linux/drivers/char/console.c对应 2. /dev/tty1 3. /dev/tty2 tty1，tty2就是不同的虚拟终端(virtual console)。通常使用热键alt+Fn来在这些虚拟终端之间进行切换。由和vt.c对应 4. /dev/tty3 5. /dev/tty4 6. /dev/tty5 7. /dev/tty6 ...
0x2: pty(远程登录交互终端shell设备)
我们在远程telnet到主机或使用xterm时也需要一个终端交互，这就是虚拟终端pty(pseudo-tty)
ll /dev/pts
/dev/pts是远程登陆(telnet,ssh等)后创建的控制台设备文件所在的目录。由于可能有好几千个用户登陆，所以/dev/pts其实是动态生成的，不象其他设备文件是构建系统时就已经产生的硬盘节点(如果未使用devfs)
1. /dev/pts/0 第一个用户登陆，console的设备文件为/dev/pts/0 2. /dev/pts/1 第二个为/dev/pts/1 3. 以此类推 //这里的0、1、2、3不是具体的标准输入或输出，而是整个控制台
Relevant Link:
http://blog.csdn.net/maopig/article/details/7195048 http://www.jz123.cn/text/1929468.html
7. 内存相关
0x1: /proc/iomem: I/O内存
zhenghan.zh@miser010249213142.yh $ cat /proc/iomem 00010000-0009dbff : System RAM 0009dc00-0009ffff : reserved 000a0000-000bffff : Video RAM area 000c0000-000c8bff : Video ROM 000c9000-000c97ff : Adapter ROM 000c9800-000cb9ff : Adapter ROM 000f0000-000fffff : System ROM 00100000-dfffcfff : System RAM 00200000-0047dd90 : Kernel code 0047dd91-005c075f : Kernel data dfffd000-dfffffff : reserved f0000000-f1ffffff : 0000:00:02.0 f2000000-f2000fff : 0000:00:02.0 f2010000-f201ffff : 0000:00:02.0 f2020000-f2020fff : 0000:00:03.0 f2020000-f2020fff : virtio-pci f2030000-f203ffff : 0000:00:03.0 f2040000-f2040fff : 0000:00:04.0 f2040000-f2040fff : virtio-pci fffbc000-ffffffff : reserved 100000000-2132fffff : System RAM
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