01-mysql高级-mysql架构
一、mysql高级简介
数据库内部结构和原理
数据库建立索引
SQL语句优化
SQL编程
mysql服务器的安装配置
服务器的性能监控分析与系统优化
各种参数常量设定
主从复制
分布式架构搭建、垂直切割和水平切割
数据迁移
shell或python脚本语言开发
容灾备份和恢复
对开源数据库进行二次开发
二、linux下mysql的安装
检查当前系统是否安装过mysql
rpm -qa|grep mysql
如果存在mysql-libs的旧版本包如下,先执行卸载命令:
rpm -e --nodeps mysql-libs
由于mysql安装过程中,会通过mysql用户在/tmp目录下新建tmp_db文件,所以请给/tmp较大的权限
chmod -R 777 /tmp
安装
在mysql的安装文件目录下执行:
rpm -ivh MySQL-server-5.5.54-1.linux2.6.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh MySQL-client-5.5.54-1.linux2.6.x86_64.rpm
mysql启停
service mysql start
service mysql stop
首次登陆
/usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'root'
然后通过
mysql -uroot -root
查看字符集问题
show variables like 'character%';
show variables like '%char%';
2、修改my.cnf
在/usr/share/mysql/ 中找到my.cnf的配置文件,
拷贝其中的my-huge.cnf 到 /etc/ 并命名为my.cnf
mysql 优先选中 /etc/ 下的配置文件
然后修改my.cnf:
[client]
default-character-set=utf8
[mysqld]
character_set_server=utf8
character_set_client=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8
3、重新启动mysql
但是原库的设定不会发生变化,参数修改之对新建的数据库生效
4、已生成的库表字符集如何变更
修改数据库的字符集
mysql> alter database mytest character set 'utf8';
修改数据表的字符集
mysql> alter table user convert to character set 'utf8';
三、mysql配置文件
3.1、配置文件
二进制日志log-bin
主从复制及备份恢复。-->相当于redis中的aof
错误日志log-erro
默认是关闭的,记录严重的警告和错误信息,每次启动和关闭的详细信息等。
慢查询日志log
默认关闭,记录查询的sql语句,如果开启会减低mysql的整体性能,因为记录日志也是需要消耗系统资源的
3.2、数据文件
win:....\MySQLServer5.5\data目录下很多数据库文件 -->好像是MyISAN引擎?
linux:默认路径:/var/lib/mysql
数据库配置文件:my.ini
# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory
# of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To
# make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option
# "--defaults-file".
#
# To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQLXY
#
#
# Guildlines for editing this file
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="C:/Program Files (x86)/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.5/"
#Path to the database root
datadir="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.5/Data/"
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
character-set-server=utf8
# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB
# Set the SQL mode to strict
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=100
# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them
# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query
# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your
# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the
# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value
# is high enough for your load.
# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are
# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a
# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.
query_cache_size=0
# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_cache=256
# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size=18M
# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size=8
#*** MyISAM Specific options
# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while
# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.
# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created
# through the key cache (which is slower).
myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G
# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=35M
# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=25M
# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size=64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in
# REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE
# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with
# large settings.
sort_buffer_size=256K
#*** INNODB Specific options ***
innodb_data_home_dir="F:/MySQL Datafiles/"
# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
#skip-innodb
# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata
# information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will
# start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most
# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this
# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=2M
# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as
# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed
# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large
# (even with long transactions).
innodb_log_buffer_size=1M
# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and
# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to
# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this
# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it
# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may
# cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you
# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not
# set it too high.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=47M
# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size=24M
# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value
# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS
# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.
innodb_thread_concurrency=10
Myisam存放方式
frm文件(framework)-->存放表结构
myd文件(data)-->存放表数据
myi文件(index)-->存放表索引
Innodb存放方式
ibdata1 -->Innodb引擎将所有表的的数据都存在这里面。该引擎的存储位置可以在my.ini文件中修改。
我的mysql安装在c盘。InnoDB文件放在如下位置:innodb_data_home_dir="F:/MySQL Datafiles/"
InnoDB引擎中,数据与索引默认存储在 ibdata1 文件中的。可以使用一下指令查看是否开启开启单独存储数据与索引文件。
show variables like 'innodb_file_per_table%';
off 表示不单独存储。可以更改设置
set global innodb_file_per_table=1;
frm文件-->存放表结构
单独存放
设置为 on 后 单独以 table名.ibd 的文件名存储
如何配置
win:my.ini文件(配置文件)
linux:/etc/my.cnf文件(配置文件)
四、mysql用户和权限管理
4.1、mysql的用户管理
创建用户
create user zhang3 identified by '123123';
关于user表
select host,user,password,select_priv,insert_priv,drop_priv from mysql.user;
select * from mysql.user\G;
将 user 中的数据以行的形式显示出来(针对列很长的表可以采用这个方法 )
修改当前用户的密码
update mysql.user set password=password('123456') where user='li4';flush privileges; #所有通过user表的修改,必须用该命令才能生效。
修改用户
update mysql.user set user='li4' where user='wang5'; flush privileges; #所有通过user表的修改,必须用该命令才能生效。
删除用户
drop user li4 ;
不要通过delete from user u where user='li4' 进行删除,系统会有残留信息保留。
4.2、权限管理
授予权限
授权命令: grant 权限1,权限2,…权限n on 数据库名称.表名称 to 用户名@用户地址 identified by ‘连接口令’; 该权限如果发现没有该用户,则会直接新建一个用户。 比如 grant select,insert,delete,drop on atguigudb.* to li4@localhost ; #给li4用户用本地命令行方式下,授予atguigudb这个库下的所有表的插删改查的权限。 grant all privileges on *.* to joe@'%' identified by '123'; #授予通过网络方式登录的的joe用户 ,对所有库所有表的全部权限,密码设为123. 就算 all privileges 了所有权限,grant_priv 权限也只有 root 才能拥有。 给 root 赋连接口令 grant all privileges on *.* to root@'%' ;后新建的连接没有密码,需要设置密码才能远程连接。 update user set password=password('root') where user='root' and host='%';
收回权限
授权命令: revoke 权限1,权限2,…权限n on 数据库名称.表名称 from 用户名@用户地址 ; REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON mysql.* FROM joe@localhost; #若赋的全库的表就 收回全库全表的所有权限 REVOKE select,insert,update,delete ON mysql.* FROM joe@localhost; #收回mysql库下的所有表的插删改查权限 对比赋予权限的方法。 必须用户重新登录后才能生效
查看权限
查看当前用户权限 show grants; 查看某用户的全局权限 select * from user ; 查看某用户的某库的权限 select * from db; 查看某用户的某个表的权限 select * from tables_priv;
Mysql的一些杂项配置
大小写问题
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%lower_case_table_names%' windows系统默认大小写不敏感,但是linux系统是大小写敏感的 默认为0,大小写敏感。 设置1,大小写不敏感。创建的表,数据库都是以小写形式存放在磁盘上,对于sql语句都是转换为小写对表和DB进行查找。 设置2,创建的表和DB依据语句上格式存放,凡是查找都是转换为小写进行。 设置变量常采用 set lower_case_table_names = 1; 的方式,但此变量是只读权限,所以需要在配置文件中改。 当想设置为大小写不敏感时,要在my.cnf这个配置文件 [mysqld] 中加入 lower_case_table_names = 1 ,然后重启服务器。 但是要在重启数据库实例之前就需要将原来的数据库和表转换为小写,否则更改后将找不到数据库名。 在进行数据库参数设置之前,需要掌握这个参数带来的影响,切不可盲目设置。
生产环境的sql_mode
MySQL的sql_mode合理设置 sql_mode是个很容易被忽视的变量,默认值是空值,在这种设置下是可以允许一些非法操作的,比如允许一些非法数据的插入。在生产环境必须将这个值设置为严格模式,所以开发、测试环境的数据库也必须要设置,这样在开发测试阶段就可以发现问题。 使用 set sql_mode=ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY; 的方式设置会将之前的设置覆盖掉 同时设置多个限制:set sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO'; sql_mode常用值如下: ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY: 对于GROUP BY聚合操作,如果在SELECT中的列,没有在GROUP BY中出现,那么这个SQL是不合法的,因为列不在GROUP BY从句中 NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO: 该值影响自增长列的插入。默认设置下,插入0或NULL代表生成下一个自增长值。如果用户 希望插入的值为0,而该列又是自增长的,那么这个选项就有用了。 STRICT_TRANS_TABLES: 在该模式下,如果一个值不能插入到一个事务表中,则中断当前的操作,对非事务表不做限制 NO_ZERO_IN_DATE: 在严格模式下,不允许日期和月份为零 NO_ZERO_DATE: 设置该值,mysql数据库不允许插入零日期,插入零日期会抛出错误而不是警告。 ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO: 在INSERT或UPDATE过程中,如果数据被零除,则产生错误而非警告。如 果未给出该模式,那么数据被零除时MySQL返回NULL NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER: 禁止GRANT创建密码为空的用户 NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION: 如果需要的存储引擎被禁用或未编译,那么抛出错误。不设置此值时,用默认的存储引擎替代,并抛出一个异常 PIPES_AS_CONCAT: 将"||"视为字符串的连接操作符而非或运算符,这和Oracle数据库是一样的,也和字符串的拼接函数Concat相类似 ANSI_QUOTES: 启用ANSI_QUOTES后,不能用双引号来引用字符串,因为它被解释为识别符 ORACLE: 设置等同:PIPES_AS_CONCAT, ANSI_QUOTES, IGNORE_SPACE, NO_KEY_OPTIONS, NO_TABLE_OPTIONS, NO_FIELD_OPTIONS, NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER.
五、mysql的逻辑架构
和其它数据库相比,MySQL有点与众不同,它的架构可以在多种不同场景中应用并发挥良好作用。主要体现在存储引擎的架构上, 插件式的存储引擎架构将查询处理和其它的系统任务以及数据的存储提取相分离。这种架构可以根据业务的需求和实际需要选择合适的存储引擎。 1.连接层 最上层是一些客户端和连接服务,包含本地sock通信和大多数基于客户端/服务端工具实现的类似于tcp/ip的通信。主要完成一些类似于连接处理、授权认证、及相关的安全方案。在该层上引入了线程池的概念,为通过认证安全接入的客户端提供线程。同样在该层上可以实现基于SSL的安全链接。服务器也会为安全接入的每个客户端验证它所具有的操作权限。 2.服务层 2.1 Management Serveices & Utilities: 系统管理和控制工具 2.2 SQL Interface: SQL接口 接受用户的SQL命令,并且返回用户需要查询的结果。比如select from就是调用SQL Interface 2.3 Parser: 解析器 SQL命令传递到解析器的时候会被解析器验证和解析。 2.4 Optimizer: 查询优化器。 SQL语句在查询之前会使用查询优化器对查询进行优化。 用一个例子就可以理解: select uid,name from user where gender= 1; 优化器来决定先投影还是先过滤。 2.5 Cache和Buffer: 查询缓存。 如果查询缓存有命中的查询结果,查询语句就可以直接去查询缓存中取数据。 这个缓存机制是由一系列小缓存组成的。比如表缓存,记录缓存,key缓存,权限缓存等 缓存是负责读,缓冲负责写。 3.引擎层 存储引擎层,存储引擎真正的负责了MySQL中数据的存储和提取,服务器通过API与存储引擎进行通信。不同的存储引擎具有的功能不同,这样我们可以根据自己的实际需要进行选取。后面介绍MyISAM和InnoDB 4.存储层 数据存储层,主要是将数据存储在运行于裸设备的文件系统之上,并完成与存储引擎的交互。
六、mysql存储引擎
6.1、查看命令
#mysql已提供存储引擎: mysql> show engines; #mysql当前默认的存储引擎: mysql> show variables like '%storage_engine%';
6.2、引擎简介
1、InnoDB存储引擎 InnoDB是MySQL的默认事务型引擎,它被设计用来处理大量的短期(short-lived)事务。除非有非常特别的原因需要使用其他的存储引擎,否则应该优先考虑InnoDB引擎。行级锁,适合高并发情况 2、MyISAM存储引擎 MyISAM提供了大量的特性,包括全文索引、压缩、空间函数(GIS)等,但MyISAM不支持事务和行级锁(myisam改表时会将整个表全锁住),有一个毫无疑问的缺陷就是崩溃后无法安全恢复。 3、Archive引擎 Archive存储引擎只支持INSERT和SELECT操作,在MySQL5.1之前不支持索引。 Archive表适合日志和数据采集类应用。适合低访问量大数据等情况。 根据英文的测试结论来看,Archive表比MyISAM表要小大约75%,比支持事务处理的InnoDB表小大约83%。 4、Blackhole引擎 Blackhole引擎没有实现任何存储机制,它会丢弃所有插入的数据,不做任何保存。但服务器会记录Blackhole表的日志,所以可以用于复制数据到备库,或者简单地记录到日志。但这种应用方式会碰到很多问题,因此并不推荐。 5、CSV引擎 CSV引擎可以将普通的CSV文件作为MySQL的表来处理,但不支持索引。 CSV引擎可以作为一种数据交换的机制,非常有用。 CSV存储的数据直接可以在操作系统里,用文本编辑器,或者excel读取。 6、Memory引擎 如果需要快速地访问数据,并且这些数据不会被修改,重启以后丢失也没有关系,那么使用Memory表是非常有用。Memory表至少比MyISAM表要快一个数量级。(使用专业的内存数据库更快,如redis) 7、Federated引擎 Federated引擎是访问其他MySQL服务器的一个代理,尽管该引擎看起来提供了一种很好的跨服务器的灵活性,但也经常带来问题,因此默认是禁用的。
MyISAM与InnoDB
对比项 MyISAM InnoDB 主外键 不支持 支持 事务 不支持 支持 行表锁 表锁,即使操作一条记录也会锁住整个表,不适合高并发的操作 行锁,操作时只锁某一行,不对其它行有影响,适合高并发的操作 缓存 只缓存索引,不缓存真实数据 不仅缓存索引还要缓存真实数据,对内存要求较高,而且内存大小对性能有决定性的影响 表空间 小 大 关注点 性能 事务 默认安装 Y Y 用户表默认使用 N Y 自带系统表使用 Y N innodb 索引 使用 B+TREE myisam 索引使用 b-tree innodb 主键为聚簇索引,基于聚簇索引的增删改查效率非常高。

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