Python学习第二天

我们为什么学习Python呢?为什么是Python而不是其他语言呢?

C和Python、java、C#等

C语言:代码编译得到机器码,机器码在处理上直接执行,每一条指令控制CPU工作。

其他语言:代码编译得到字节码,虚拟机执行字节码转换成机器码再在处理器上执行

Python和CPython:这门语言是由C开发而来

   对于使用:Python的类库齐全并且使用简洁,如果要实现同样的功能,Python 10行代码可以解决,C可能就需要100行甚至更多。

   对于速度:Python的运行速度相较于C,是慢了。

Python和Java、C#等

   对于使用:Linux原装Python,其他语言没有,以上几门语言都有非常丰富的类库支持

   对于速度:Python在速度上可能稍显逊色

所以,Python和其他语言没有什么本质区别,其他区别在于,擅长某领域、人才丰富、先入为主。

那么Python的种类有哪些呢?

这里我们举几个Python的几个种类:

cPython       比如打印‘alex’时, print(‘alex’) c解释器解释成 .pyc(字节码)-> 机器码  cpu

jPython                                print(‘alex’)  java解释器解释成  java(字节码)-> 机器码  cpu

ironPython                            print(‘alex’) c#解释器解释成 c#(字节码)-> 机器码  cpu

也就是它们运行的内部原理是不同的。

老师说pypy早晚会火的啊!这是因为它在编译的时候就生成了机器码。

.pyc文件

执行Python代码时,如果导入了其他的.py文件,那么,执行过程中会自动生成一个与其同名的.pyc文件,该文件就是Python解释器编译之后的字节码。

代码经过编译可以产生字节码;字节码通过反编译也可以得到代码。

例子:建两个文件  index.py和lib.py  首先在lib里print(‘lib’)

在index里 

import lib

print(‘index’) 这个时候就产生了lib.pyc文件!

基本的数据类型:(这是重点哦!)

因此str是类,int是类,dict、list、tuple等等都是类。

“guojingjing”、99、{'北京','上海','广州','深圳'}是分别根据str类、int类和dict类生成的。

在这里介绍2种查看类中成员的方法:1、首先,需要装python,然后至少要有个命令行窗口:dir(类名)2、在Pycharm中输入类名比如str,左手按住ctrl键的同时鼠标变成小手时点击该类名就可以了。

对于方法1(这里以类str为例)其结果是:

对于方法2(这里以类str为例)其结果是:

class str(object):
    """
    str(object='') -> str
    str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
    
    Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
    errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
    that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
    Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
    or repr(object).
    encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
    errors defaults to 'strict'.
    """
    def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.capitalize() -> str
        
        Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
        have upper case and the rest lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def casefold(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.casefold() -> str
        
        Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
        """
        return ""

    def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""

    def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
        string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
        interpreted as in slice notation.
        """
        return 0

    def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes
        
        Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding
        is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
        codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
        """
        return b""

    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str
        
        Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        return ""

    def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
        """
        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        pass

    def format_map(self, mapping): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.format_map(mapping) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        return ""

    def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isalnum() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isalpha() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdecimal(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isdecimal() -> bool
        
        Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isdigit() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are digits
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isidentifier(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isidentifier() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a valid identifier according
        to the language definition.
        
        Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
        such as "def" and "class".
        """
        return False

    def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.islower() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isnumeric() -> bool
        
        Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isprintable() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are considered
        printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isspace() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.istitle() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
        follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
        Return False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.isupper() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.join(iterable) -> str
        
        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""

    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.lower() -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
        """
        return ""

    def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.lstrip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def maketrans(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
        
        If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
        ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
        Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
        If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
        in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
        character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
        must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
        """
        pass

    def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
        """
        pass

    def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""

    def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
        """
        pass

    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
        working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        return []

    def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.rstrip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
        removed from the result.
        """
        return []

    def splitlines(self, keepends=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        return []

    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.strip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.swapcase() -> str
        
        Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
        and vice versa.
        """
        return ""

    def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.title() -> str
        
        Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def translate(self, table): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.translate(table) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S in which each character has been mapped
        through the given translation table. The table must implement
        lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a dictionary or list,
        mapping Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None. If
        this operation raises LookupError, the character is left untouched.
        Characters mapped to None are deleted.
        """
        return ""

    def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.upper() -> str
        
        Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
        """
        return ""

    def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.zfill(width) -> str
        
        Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
        """
        return ""

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.__format__(format_spec) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
        """
        return ""

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special case of str.__init__
        """
        str(object='') -> str
        str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
        
        Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
        errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
        that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
        Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
        or repr(object).
        encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
        errors defaults to 'strict'.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self%value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value%self. """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return str(self). """
        pass

在python中,还有一个“help(类名.方法名)”方法:可以查看类的详细功能;“help(类名.功能名)”:查看类中某功能的详细情况

>>> help(str)
Help on class str in module __builtin__:

class str(basestring)
 |  str(object='') -> string
 |  
 |  Return a nice string representation of the object.
 |  If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
 |  
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      str
 |      basestring
 |      object
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __add__(...)
 |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y
 |  
 |  __contains__(...)
 |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x
 |  
 |  __eq__(...)
 |      x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y
 |  
 |  __format__(...)
 |      S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
 |      
 |      Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
 |  
 |  __ge__(...)
 |      x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(...)
 |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name
 |  
 |  __getitem__(...)
 |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
 |  
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |  
 |  __getslice__(...)
 |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 |      
 |      Use of negative indices is not supported.
 |  
 |  __gt__(...)
 |      x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y
 |  
 |  __hash__(...)
 |      x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)
 |  
 |  __le__(...)
 |      x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y
 |  
 |  __len__(...)
 |      x.__len__() <==> len(x)
 |  
 |  __lt__(...)
 |      x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y
 |  
 |  __mod__(...)
 |      x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y
 |  
 |  __mul__(...)
 |      x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n
 |  
 |  __ne__(...)
 |      x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y
 |  
 |  __repr__(...)
 |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)
 |  
 |  __rmod__(...)
 |      x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x
 |  
 |  __rmul__(...)
 |      x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x
 |  
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
 |  
 |  __str__(...)
 |      x.__str__() <==> str(x)
 |  
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      S.capitalize() -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
 |      capitalized.
 |  
 |  center(...)
 |      S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 |      
 |      Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
 |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 |  
 |  count(...)
 |      S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
 |      string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 |      as in slice notation.
 |  
 |  decode(...)
 |      S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 |      
 |      Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 |      to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 |      a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 |      as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
 |      able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 |  
 |  encode(...)
 |      S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 |      
 |      Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 |      to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 |      a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
 |      'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
 |      codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
 |  
 |  endswith(...)
 |      S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 |  
 |  expandtabs(...)
 |      S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |  
 |  find(...)
 |      S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |      
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |  
 |  format(...)
 |      S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
 |      
 |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
 |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
 |  
 |  index(...)
 |      S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
 |  
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      S.isalnum() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      S.isalpha() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      S.isdigit() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  islower(...)
 |      S.islower() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isspace(...)
 |      S.isspace() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  istitle(...)
 |      S.istitle() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
 |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
 |      otherwise.
 |  
 |  isupper(...)
 |      S.isupper() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  join(...)
 |      S.join(iterable) -> string
 |      
 |      Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
 |      iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
 |  
 |  ljust(...)
 |      S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 |      
 |      Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
 |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
 |  
 |  lower(...)
 |      S.lower() -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
 |  
 |  lstrip(...)
 |      S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
 |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
 |      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
 |  
 |  partition(...)
 |      S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
 |      
 |      Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
 |      the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
 |      found, return S and two empty strings.
 |  
 |  replace(...)
 |      S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
 |      old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
 |      given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
 |  
 |  rfind(...)
 |      S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |      
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |  
 |  rindex(...)
 |      S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
 |  
 |  rjust(...)
 |      S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 |      
 |      Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
 |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 |  
 |  rpartition(...)
 |      S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
 |      
 |      Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
 |      the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
 |      separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
 |  
 |  rsplit(...)
 |      S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
 |      
 |      Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
 |      delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
 |      to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
 |      done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
 |      is a separator.
 |  
 |  rstrip(...)
 |      S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
 |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
 |      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
 |  
 |  split(...)
 |      S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
 |      
 |      Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
 |      delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
 |      splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
 |      whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
 |      from the result.
 |  
 |  splitlines(...)
 |      S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
 |      
 |      Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
 |      is given and true.
 |  
 |  startswith(...)
 |      S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 |  
 |  strip(...)
 |      S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
 |      whitespace removed.
 |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
 |      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
 |  
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      S.swapcase() -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
 |      converted to lowercase and vice versa.
 |  
 |  title(...)
 |      S.title() -> string
 |      
 |      Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
 |  
 |  translate(...)
 |      S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
 |      in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
 |      remaining characters have been mapped through the given
 |      translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
 |      If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
 |      the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
 |  
 |  upper(...)
 |      S.upper() -> string
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
 |  
 |  zfill(...)
 |      S.zfill(width) -> string
 |      
 |      Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
 |      of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>
 |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T

 

其他的类都可以用同样的方法查看其包含的成员,并且可以查看类中某成员的功能。

一、整数

其具备的功能:

 

其源码为:

class int(object):
    """
    int(x=0) -> int or long
    int(x, base=10) -> int or long
    
    Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
    are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
    If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
    
    If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
    Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
    literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
    The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
    interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
    >>> int('0b100', base=0)
    4
    """
    def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """返回表示该数字时所用的最小位数
        int.bit_length() -> int
        
        Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
        >>> bin(37)
        '0b100101'
        >>> (37).bit_length()
        6
        """
        return 0

    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """返回一个复数的共轭复数
         Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
        pass

    def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回绝对值
        x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回两个数的和
        x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回两个数按位与的结果
        x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """返回两个数比较的结果,参数从左至右(a,b),a>b返回1,a<b返回-1,a=b返回0
        x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """a.__coerce__(b),强制返回一个元组(a,b)
        x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
        pass

    def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 相除,得到商和余数组成的元组
        x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
        pass

    def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """返回两数相除的商 
        x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """将数据类型强制转换为float
        x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
        pass

    def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 不保留小数点后的小数除法,也可以用‘//’来表示:a//b,我们亲切地称之为“地板除”!!!
        x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
        pass

    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 格式化"""
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """无条件被调用,通过实例访问属性 
        x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ 
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果对象object为哈希表类型,返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中,哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等,则哈希值也相等   
        x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示  
        x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
        pass

    def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 用于切片,对数字无意义
        x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
        pass

    def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
        """构造函数
        int(x=0) -> int or long
        int(x, base=10) -> int or long
        
        Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
        are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
        If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
        
        If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
        Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
        literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
        The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
        interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
        >>> int('0b100', base=0)
        4
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 转换为整数
        x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
        pass

    def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """按位求反
        x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
        pass

    def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """转换为长整数
        x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
        pass

    def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 左移,相对二进制的操作
        x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 取余
        x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回两数相乘的积
        x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
        pass

    def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回一个数的负数,个人觉得和相反数没差
        x.__neg__() <==> -x """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 创建一个int类的新对象
        T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 判断一个数是不是0
        x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
        pass

    def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回该值的 八进制 表示
        x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
        pass

    def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 位运算,或,针对二进制数
        x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
        pass

    def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 并没什么卵用,说是a.__pos__(),会返回一个+a,但是不管输入整数还是负数,返回值都是他本身,感觉歪果仁真有幽默感
        x.__pos__() <==> +x """
        pass

    def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """  幂,次方
        x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
        pass

    def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
        pass

    def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 转化为解释器可读取的形式
        x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
        pass

    def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
        pass

    def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
        pass

    def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
        pass

    def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
        pass

    def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 转换为人阅读的形式,如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话,则返回解释器课阅读的形式
        x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 返回两数相减的差
        x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
        pass

    def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """返回两数相除的商,这里的除是精确的除法,不会省略小数点后的值
        x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """返回数值被截取为整形的值,在整形中无意义 
       Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 按位异或
        x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
        pass

    denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
     """ 分母 = 1 """   
     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 虚数,无意义 """
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

    numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
    """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 实数,无意义 """
    """the real part of a complex number"""                                                      

int Code

下面对于老师特别强调以后编程会用到的详细展开一下下:

(1)__abs__():取相反数

a=-12
b=10
result=a.__abs__()
result1=b.__abs__()
print(result)
print(result1)

  其输出为:12 10

(2)__add__():相加

a=-19
result=a.__add__(100)
print(result)

  在命令窗口是这样的:

(3)__floordiv__:不保留小数点后的小数除法

a=19
result=a.__floordiv__(6)
print(result)

  输出的值为3

(4)__init__():构造方法

创建数字的时候:

age=19或者
age=int(19)

 这个时候会自动调用__init__()

(5)__divmod__:返回两个数相除的商和余数组成的元组(商,余数)   应用:显示网页数据中的分页

1 >>> a = 102
2 >>> b = 10
3 >>> a.__divmod__(b)
4 (10, 2)

二、长整型

其所有的功能如下:

class long(object):
    """
    long(x=0) -> long
    long(x, base=10) -> long
    
    Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments
    are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
    
    If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
    Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
    literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
    The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
    interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
    >>> int('0b100', base=0)
    4L
    """
    def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        long.bit_length() -> int or long
        
        Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
        >>> bin(37L)
        '0b100101'
        >>> (37L).bit_length()
        """
        return 0

    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """
        pass

    def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
        pass

    def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
        pass

    def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
        pass

    def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
        pass

    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
        pass

    def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
        pass

    def __init__(self, x=0): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        pass

    def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
        pass

    def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
        pass

    def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
        pass

    def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
        pass

    def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
        pass

    def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
        pass

    def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
        pass

    def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
        pass

    def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
        pass

    def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
        pass

    def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
        pass

    def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
        pass

    def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
        pass

    def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
        pass

    def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
        pass

    def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
        pass

    denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

    numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """the real part of a complex number"""

long

三、浮点型

如:3.14159

每个浮点型都具备如下功能:

class float(object):
    """
    float(x) -> floating point number
    
    Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.
    """
    def as_integer_ratio(self):   
        """ 获取改值的最简比 """
        """
        float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)

        Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
        float and with a positive denominator.
        Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.

        >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
        (10, 1)
        >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
        (0, 1)
        >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
        (-1, 4)
        """
        pass

    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """
        pass

    def fromhex(self, string):   
        """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """
        """
        float.fromhex(string) -> float
        
        Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
        >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
        2047.984375
        >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
        -4.9406564584124654e-324
        """
        return 0.0

    def hex(self):   
        """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """
        """
        float.hex() -> string
        
        Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
        >>> (-0.1).hex()
        '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
        >>> 3.14159.hex()
        '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
        """
        return ""

    def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return True if the float is an integer. """
        pass

    def __abs__(self):   
        """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y):   
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __coerce__(self, y):   
        """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
        pass

    def __divmod__(self, y):   
        """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
        pass

    def __div__(self, y):   
        """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y):   
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __float__(self):   
        """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
        pass

    def __floordiv__(self, y):   
        """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
        pass

    def __format__(self, format_spec):   
        """
        float.__format__(format_spec) -> string
        
        Formats the float according to format_spec.
        """
        return ""

    def __getattribute__(self, name):   
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getformat__(self, typestr):   
        """
        float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string
        
        You probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to be
        used in Python's test suite.
        
        typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  This function returns whichever of
        'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the
        format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr.
        """
        return ""

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y):   
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y):   
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self):   
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, x):   
        pass

    def __int__(self):   
        """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y):   
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __long__(self):   
        """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y):   
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, y):   
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, y):   
        """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
        pass

    def __neg__(self):   
        """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more):   
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y):   
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __nonzero__(self):   
        """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
        pass

    def __pos__(self):   
        """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
        pass

    def __pow__(self, y, z=None):   
        """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __radd__(self, y):   
        """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
        pass

    def __rdivmod__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
        pass

    def __rdiv__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __repr__(self):   
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rfloordiv__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
        pass

    def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):   
        """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
        pass

    def __rtruediv__(self, y):   
        """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt):   
        """
        float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None
        
        You probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to be
        used in Python's test suite.
        
        typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  fmt must be one of 'unknown',
        'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be
        one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.
        
        Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.
        This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings.
        """
        pass

    def __str__(self):   
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, y):   
        """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
        pass

    def __truediv__(self, y):   
        """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """
        pass

    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """the real part of a complex number"""

 float

python不管表达式中有多少整形多少浮点型,只要存在浮点型,那么所有计算都按照浮点型计算,得出的结果也会是float类型

四、字符串

如:'guojingjing'

每个字符串都具备如下功能:

class str(basestring):
    """
    str(object='') -> string
    
    Return a nice string representation of the object.
    If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def capitalize(self):  
        """ 首字母变大写 """
        """
        S.capitalize() -> string
        
        Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
        capitalized.
        """
        return ""

    def center(self, width, fillchar=None):  
        """ 内容居中,width:总长度;fillchar:空白处填充内容,默认无 """
        """
        S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
        
        Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""

    def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
        """ 子序列个数 """
        """
        S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
        string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
        as in slice notation.
        """
        return 0

    def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  
        """ 解码 """
        """
        S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
        
        Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
        to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
        able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
        """
        return object()

    def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  
        """ 编码,针对unicode """
        """
        S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
        
        Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
        to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
        codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
        """
        return object()

    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):  
        """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
        """
        S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):  
        """ 将tab转换成空格,默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
        """
        S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
        
        Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        return ""

    def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
        """ 寻找子序列位置,如果没找到,返回 -1 """
        """
        S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
        
        Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
        """ 字符串格式化,动态参数,将函数式编程时细说 """
        """
        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        pass

    def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
        """ 子序列位置,如果没找到,报错 """
        S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def isalnum(self):  
        """ 是否是字母和数字 """
        """
        S.isalnum() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isalpha(self):  
        """ 是否是字母 """
        """
        S.isalpha() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdigit(self):  
        """ 是否是数字 """
        """
        S.isdigit() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are digits
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def islower(self):  
        """ 是否小写 """
        """
        S.islower() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isspace(self):  
        """
        S.isspace() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def istitle(self):  
        """
        S.istitle() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
        characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
        otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isupper(self):  
        """
        S.isupper() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def join(self, iterable):  
        """ 连接 """
        """
        S.join(iterable) -> string
        
        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""

    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):  
        """ 内容左对齐,右侧填充 """
        """
        S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
        
        Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def lower(self):  
        """ 变小写 """
        """
        S.lower() -> string
        
        Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
        """
        return ""

    def lstrip(self, chars=None):  
        """ 移除左侧空白 """
        """
        S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
        """
        return ""

    def partition(self, sep):  
        """ 分割,前,中,后三部分 """
        """
        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
        """
        pass

    def replace(self, old, new, count=None):  
        """ 替换 """
        """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
        
        Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""

    def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
        """
        S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
        
        Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
        """
        S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):  
        """
        S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
        
        Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""

    def rpartition(self, sep):  
        """
        S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
        """
        pass

    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  
        """
        S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
        to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
        done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        return []

    def rstrip(self, chars=None):  
        """
        S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
        
        Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
        """
        return ""

    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  
        """ 分割, maxsplit最多分割几次 """
        """
        S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
        from the result.
        """
        return []

    def splitlines(self, keepends=False):  
        """ 根据换行分割 """
        """
        S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        return []

    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):  
        """ 是否起始 """
        """
        S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def strip(self, chars=None):  
        """ 移除两段空白 """
        """
        S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
        """
        return ""

    def swapcase(self):  
        """ 大写变小写,小写变大写 """
        """
        S.swapcase() -> string
        
        Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
        converted to lowercase and vice versa.
        """
        return ""

    def title(self):  
        """
        S.title() -> string
        
        Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
        """
        return ""

    def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):  
        """
        转换,需要先做一个对应表,最后一个表示删除字符集合
        intab = "aeiou"
        outtab = "12345"
        trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
        str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
        print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
        """

        """
        S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
        
        Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
        in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
        remaining characters have been mapped through the given
        translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
        If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
        the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
        """
        return ""

    def upper(self):  
        """
        S.upper() -> string
        
        Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
        """
        return ""

    def zfill(self, width):  
        """方法返回指定长度的字符串,原字符串右对齐,前面填充0。"""
        """
        S.zfill(width) -> string
        
        Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
        """
        return ""

    def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __add__(self, y):  
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y):  
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y):  
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __format__(self, format_spec):  
        """
        S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
        
        Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
        """
        return ""

    def __getattribute__(self, name):  
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y):  
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j):  
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y):  
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y):  
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self):  
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
        """
        str(object='') -> string
        
        Return a nice string representation of the object.
        If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __len__(self):  
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y):  
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y):  
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, y):  
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n):  
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more):  
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y):  
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self):  
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, y):  
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n):  
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self):  
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __str__(self):  
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

str

该类中常用的一些方法:

(1)capitalize():将首字母大写

name='eric'
result=name.capitalize()
print(result)
Eric

(2)center/ljust/rjst:固定字符串长度,居中/居左/居右 ,下面是使用示例,一般用在打印列表和字典的时候整理格式。 

name='eric'
result=name.center(20,'*')
print(result)

********eric********

(3)count:子序列个数,用来统计一个字符串中包含指定子序列的个数。这个子序列可以是一个字符,也可以是多个字符

name='jfiagnngjaigngi'
result=name.count('d')
print(result)


0
name='jfiagnngjaigngi'
result=name.count('n',0,10)#在0到10的位置去找
print(result)

2

(4)expandtabs:将tab转换成空格,默认一个tab转换成8个空格。当然这里也可以自行指定转换成多少个空格

name='alex'
result=name.expandtabs()
print(len(result))

4

(5)find:返回字符串中第一个子序列的下标。rfind:和find用法一样,只是它是从右向左查找 index:和find的左右一致,只是find找不到的时候会返回-1,而index找不到的时候会报错,值得注意的是,当我们在一个字符串中查找某一个子序列的时候,如果这个字符串中含有多个子序列,只会返回第一个找到的下标,不会返回其他的。

 

name='alex'
result=name.find('x')#找到字符所在字符串中的位置
print(result)

3

(6)format:各种格式化,动态参数。

name='alex'
result=name.format('eric')
print(result)

alex

(7)endswith:是否以...(子串)结尾。这里的子串依然可以是一个或多个字符。

1 >>> str1 = 'Alex'
2 >>> str1.endswith('x')
3 True

(8)join用来做拼接

 

li=['a','l','e','x'""]
result="-".join(li)#用横杠将字符拼接起来
print(result)

a-l-e-x

(9)partition/split:这两个方法都用来分割。partition会将指定的子串提取并将子串两侧内容分割,只匹配一次,并返回元组;split会根据指定子串,将整个字符串所有匹配的子串匹配到并剔除,将其他内容分割,返回数组。

(10)replace:替换。会替换字符串中所有符合条件的子串。

1>>>name='alex is a man'
2>>>result=name.replace('a','o')
3>>>print(result)

olex is o mon

(11)swapcase:大写变小写,小写变大写

1>>>name='Alex is A man'
2>>>result=name.swapcase()
3>>>print(result)
aLEX IS a MAN

五、列表

如:[11,22,33]、['guojingjing', 'huoweigang']

每个列表都具备如下功能:

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
        pass

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
        cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
        """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass

    def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
        pass

    def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass

    def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
                   
                   Use  of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

list

(1)append()往列表的尾部再加一个

1>>>li=[11,22,2,33]
2>>>li.append(66)
3>>>print(li)
[11, 22, 2, 33, 66]

copy()以后会将深拷贝和浅拷贝,这里的拷贝叫浅拷贝

列表里的元素可以是字符串,列表,

Count()判断里面某个元素出现的次数

(2)extend()把一个列表和一个元组合并

1>>>li=list((1,2,3,))
2>>>print(li)
3>>>li.extend([11,22])
4>>>print(li)
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3, 11, 22]

(3)pop()移除某一项

1>>>li=list((1,2,3,))
2>>>li.pop()
3>>>print(li)
[1, 2]

(4)remove()删除值是什么的某个元素 

1>>>li=[11,22,2,33]
2>>>print(li)
3>>>li.remove(11)
4>>>print(li)#只拿走了第一个元素
[11, 22, 2, 33]
[22, 2, 33]

(5)reverse()将列表里的元素反转输出

1>>>li=[11,22,2,33]
2>>>li.reverse()
3>>>print(li)
[33, 2, 22, 11]

六、元组

如:(11,22,33,66)、('zhangheng', 'zhaomeng')、([11,22,33,])

每个元组都具备如下功能:

class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass

tuple

(1)列表和元组之间是可以相互转换的:

1>>>l1=[11,22,34,]
2>>>tu=tuple(l1)#列表转换成元组
3>>>print(tu)
4>>>li=list(tu)#元组转换成列表
5>>>print(li)
(11, 22, 34)
[11, 22, 34]

(2)tuple和list基本相同,但是tuple是不可修改的。所以也就没有添加,删除,修改等方法。但是count,__contain__等方法还是存在的,和list中用法相同,这里就不重复介绍了。

七、字典

如:{'name': 'guojingjing', 'age': 26} 、{'shandong': 'qingdao', 'hebei': 'hengshui']}

ps:循环时,默认循环key

每个字典都具备如下功能:

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
        v defaults to None.
        """
        pass

    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值,d是默认值 """
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass

    def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 是否有key """
        """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项的列表形式 """
        """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
        return []

    def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 项可迭代 """
        """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
        pass

    def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ key可迭代 """
        """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
        pass

    def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ value可迭代 """
        """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
        pass

    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的key列表 """
        """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
        return []

    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass

    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass

    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在,则创建,如果存在,则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass

    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """ 更新
            {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
            [('name','sbsbsb'),]
        """
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass

    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的值 """
        """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
        return []

    def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项,只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
        """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass

    def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass

    def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

dict

(1)fromkeys:可以通过list创建一个字典

1>>>dic={'k1': 'v1', 'k2':'v2'}
2>>>dic.fromkeys(['k1'],'v1')
3>>>new_dict=dic.fromkeys(['k1','k2'],'v1')
4>>>print(new_dict)
{'k2': 'v1', 'k1': 'v1'}

(2)get(),字典名[key值]的方式获取values值的时候有一点弊端,那就是当key值不存在的时候会报错,这个时候我们使用get方法,可以避免报错的情况

(3)keys/values/items:取所有字典的key/取所有字典的value/取所有字典的key,value。和list不同,字典是无序的,它依靠key和value之间的联系进行索引,由于这种特殊的索          引方式,字典中不可以有重复的key。

1>>>dic={'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
2>>>print(dic.keys())
3>>>print(dic.values())
4>>>print(dic.items())
5>>>for k in dic.keys():
6>>> print(k)
7>>>for v in dic.values():
8>>>print(v)
9>>>for k,v in dic.items():
10>>>print(k,v)
dict_keys(['k2', 'k1'])
dict_values(['v2', 'v1'])
dict_items([('k2', 'v2'), ('k1', 'v1')])
k2
k1
v2
v1
k2 v2
k1 v1

(4)pop()拿走一个,popitem()拿走的是随机的

1>>>dic={'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
2>>>dic.pop('k1')#字典是无序的,所以要给他指定
3>>>print(dic)
{'k2': 'v2'}

(5)setdefault(),dic.setdefault[key1],key1存在,则返回value1,不存在,则自动创建value = 'None'

1>>>dic={'k1':'22','k2':'33','k3':'123'}
2>>>result=dic.setdefault('k4')
3>>>result1=dic.setdefault('k3')
4>>>print(result)
5>>>print(result1)
None
123

(6)update(),dict1.update(dict2),判断dict2中的每一个key在dict1中是否存在,存在:就将dict1中的value更新成dict2中的,不存在:将key和value都复制过去

  

1>>>dic={'k1':'22','k2':'33','k3':'123'}
2>>>dic.update({'k3':6663,'k4':'99'})
3>>>print(dic)#把原来的字典都给更新了
{'k2': '33', 'k1': '22', 'k4': '99', 'k3': 6663}

 

  

 

posted @ 2016-01-26 21:26  Peony_Y  阅读(223)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报