Web服务器更换到Nginx
禁不住诱惑，还是把Web服务器更换为Nginx（读音[engine x]），这个俄罗斯人写的高性能的web服务器。[因为在Linode360方案中，使用Apache如果想达到比较好的性能，确实会比较频繁的出现OOM；要避免OOM，就只能减少并发处理能力和内存配置]
Debian Lenny自带的nginx是0.6x的，而目前最新版本是0.7x。因此决定，从官方网站安装。
本文简单介绍了完整的安装过程。
首先安装必要的package，这些package将会在后面的过程中用到：
$ sudo apt-get install libssl-dev libpcre3-dev build-essential $ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cgi mysql-server mysql-client
接下来下载并安装nginx（注意，下载的地址的可能会发生变化，可以参考http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxInstall#Stable）：
$ wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.7.62.tar.gz $ tar -zxvf nginx-0.7.62.tar.gz $ cd nginx-0.7.62 $ ./configure --prefix=/usr --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/proxy/ --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/fcgi/ --with-md5-asm --with-md5=/usr/include --with-sha1-asm --with-sha1=/usr/include --with-http_stub_status_module $ make $ sudo make install
安装spawn-fcgi（曾经lighttpd的一部分，用来管理php-cgi进程）
$ wget http://www.lighttpd.net/download/spawn-fcgi-1.6.2.tar.gz $ tar -zxvf spawn-fcgi-1.6.2.tar.gz $ cd spawn-fcgi-1.6.2 $ ./configure $ make $ sudo cp ./src/spawn-cgi /usr/bin/
创建nginx和php-fastcgi的init脚本
$ sudo vi /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi $ sudo vi /etc/init.d/nginx $ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi $ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx
/etc/init.d/nginx文件内容：
#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: nginx
# Required-Start: $remote_fs $syslog
# Required-Stop: $remote_fs $syslog
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.
# Description: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.
### END INIT INFO
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# nginx - this script, which starts and stops the nginx daemon for ubuntu.
#
# description: Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
# proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server. This \
# script will manage the initiation of the \
# server and its process state.
#
# processname: nginx
# config: /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
# pidfile: /acronymlabs/server/nginx.pid
# Provides: nginx
#
# Author: Jason Giedymin
# <jason.giedymin AT acronymlabs.com>.
#
# Version: 1.0 01-Apr-2009 jason.giedymin AT gmail.com
# Notes: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.
#
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# MIT X11 License
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Copyright (c) 2009 Jason Giedymin, http://AcronymLabs.com
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
# the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Functions
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Consts
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/nginx
NAME=nginx
DESCRIPTION="Nginx Server..."
PIDSPATH=/var/run/nginx
PS=$NAME #the process, which happens to be the NAME
PIDFILE=$NAME.pid #pid file
RUNAS=root #user to run as
SCRIPT_OK=0 #ala error codes
SCRIPT_ERROR=1 #ala error codes
TRUE=1 #boolean
FALSE=0 #boolean
lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginx
NGINX_CONF_FILE="/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Simple Tests
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#test if nginx is a file and executable
test -x $DAEMON || exit 0
# Include nginx defaults if available
if [ -f /etc/default/nginx ] ; then
. /etc/default/nginx
fi
#set exit condition
#set -e
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Functions
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
configtest() {
$DAEMON -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
}
getPSCount() {
return `pgrep -f $PS | wc -l`
}
isRunning(){
pidof_daemon
PID=$?
if [ $PID -gt 0 ]; then
return 1
else
return 0
fi
}
status(){
isRunning
isAlive=$?
if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then
echo "$NAME found running with processes: `pidof $PS`"
else
echo "$NAME is NOT running."
fi
}
removePIDFile(){
if [ -f $PIDSPATH/$NAME.pid ]; then
rm $PIDSPATH/$NAME.pid
fi
}
start() {
log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESCRIPTION"
isRunning
isAlive=$?
if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR
else
start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --chuid $RUNAS --pidfile $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON
chmod 400 $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
fi
}
stop() {
log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESCRIPTION"
isRunning
isAlive=$?
if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE
removePIDFile
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
else
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR
fi
}
reload() {
configtest || return $?
log_daemon_msg "Reloading (via HUP) $DESCRIPTION"
isRunning
if [ $? -eq $TRUE ]; then
`killall -HUP $PS` #to be safe
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
else
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR
fi
}
terminate() {
log_daemon_msg "Force terminating (via KILL) $DESCRIPTION"
PIDS=`pidof $PS` || true
[ -e $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE ] && PIDS2=`cat $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE`
for i in $PIDS; do
if [ "$i" = "$PIDS2" ]; then
kill $i
removePIDFile
fi
done
log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
}
pidof_daemon() {
PIDS=`pidof $PS` || true
[ -e $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE ] && PIDS2=`cat $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE`
for i in $PIDS; do
if [ "$i" = "$PIDS2" ]; then
return 1
fi
done
return 0
}
case "$1" in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart|force-reload)
stop
start
;;
reload)
$1
;;
status)
status
;;
configtest)
$1
;;
terminate)
$1
;;
*)
FULLPATH=/etc/init.d/$NAME
echo "Usage: $FULLPATH {start|stop|restart|force-reload|status|configtest|terminate}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
/etc/init.d/php-fastcgi文件内容：
#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: php-fastcgi
# Required-Start: $all
# Required-Stop: $all
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
# Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
### END INIT INFO
# Author: Kurt Zankl <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
# Do NOT "set -e"
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
DESC="php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode"
NAME=php-fastcgi
DAEMON=/usr/bin/php-cgi
PIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pid
SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME
PHP_CONFIG_FILE=/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini
# Exit if the package is not installed
[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0
# Read configuration variable file if it is present
[ -r /etc/default/$NAME ] && . /etc/default/$NAME
# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables
. /lib/init/vars.sh
# Define LSB log_* functions.
# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
# If the daemon is not enabled, give the user a warning and then exit,
# unless we are stopping the daemon
if [ "$START" != "yes" -a "$1" != "stop" ]; then
log_warning_msg "To enable $NAME, edit /etc/default/$NAME and set START=yes"
exit 0
fi
# Process configuration
export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
DAEMON_ARGS="-q -b $FCGI_HOST:$FCGI_PORT -c $PHP_CONFIG_FILE"
do_start()
{
# Return
# 0 if daemon has been started
# 1 if daemon was already running
# 2 if daemon could not be started
start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \
|| return 1
start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON \
--background --make-pidfile --chuid $EXEC_AS_USER --startas $DAEMON -- \
$DAEMON_ARGS \
|| return 2
}
do_stop()
{
# Return
# 0 if daemon has been stopped
# 1 if daemon was already stopped
# 2 if daemon could not be stopped
# other if a failure occurred
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 --pidfile $PIDFILE > /dev/null # --name $DAEMON
RETVAL="$?"
[ "$RETVAL" = 2 ] && return 2
# Wait for children to finish too if this is a daemon that forks
# and if the daemon is only ever run from this initscript.
# If the above conditions are not satisfied then add some other code
# that waits for the process to drop all resources that could be
# needed by services started subsequently. A last resort is to
# sleep for some time.
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry=0/30/KILL/5 --exec $DAEMON
[ "$?" = 2 ] && return 2
# Many daemons don't delete their pidfiles when they exit.
rm -f $PIDFILE
return "$RETVAL"
}
case "$1" in
start)
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
do_start
case "$?" in
0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
esac
;;
stop)
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
do_stop
case "$?" in
0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
esac
;;
restart|force-reload)
log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"
do_stop
case "$?" in
0|1)
do_start
case "$?" in
0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running
*) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start
esac
;;
*)
# Failed to stop
log_end_msg 1
;;
esac
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2
exit 3
;;
esac
创建nginx配置文件/etc/nginx/nginx.conf（并实现VirtualHost）
user www-data www-data;
worker_processes 4;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
use epoll;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
gzip on;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; #这一句就是实现nginx VirtualHost的
}
创建VirtualHost文件/etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld
server {
listen 80;
server_name domain.tld www.domain.tld;
access_log /srv/www/domain.tld/logs/access.log;
location / {
root /srv/www/domain.tld/public_html;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/html;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
root /srv/www/domain.tld/public_html;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
Enable VirualHost
$ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/domain.tld
启动php-fastcgi和nginx
$ sudo /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi start $ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start
配置php-fastcgi和nginx自动启动
$ sudo apt-get install rcconf $ sudo rcconf # 选中php-fastcgi和nginx
此时，php的配置文件使用/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini。
创建WordPress的rewrite rule：修改/etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld，在location /中添加如下的内容：
location / {
root /srv/www/weigblog.com/public_html;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
if (!-e $request_filename) {
rewrite (.*) /index.php;
}
}
其中：
-e为存在目录或文件
-d为存在目录
-f为存在文件
