C++之用链表实现大数的加减乘除

1.前言

实现大数的加减乘除是今年寒假C++的大作业,原本我是用字符串写的,但是后来看作业要求要用链表实现,于是我不情不愿的用链表的实现了一遍

2.Num类

2.1Node类

首先是内部的一个Node类用于建立单向链表,size用于计算大小方便Num对象之间做比较

	class Node
	{
	public:
		int val;
		Node*next;
		Node(int v, Node*n)
		{
			val = v;
			next = n;
		}
	};
	Node*head;
	int size;

2.2构造函数,赋值函数以及析构函数

首先是默认构造函数,其实可能不会使用到,但为了方便,还是写了

	Num()
	{
		head = NULL;
		size = 0;
		D = false;
	}

然后是主要的一个构造函数,当遇到'.'的时候,我们用-100来作为标记

该链表为逆向构造的一个数,方便进行加减操作

	Num(const string&s)
	{
		D = false;
		head = NULL;
		size = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++)
		{
			if (s[i] == ','||s[i]=='-')
				continue;
			size++;
			if (s[i] == '.')
				head = new Node(-100, head);
			else
				head = new Node(s[i] - '0', head);
		}
	}

接下来是拷贝构造函数以及赋值函数,两者基本是一样的

值得注意的是,赋值函数要首先确认赋值对象是否为本身,若为本身,则返回

	Num(const Num& num)
	{
		D = num.D;
		size = num.size;
		head = NULL;
		Node*cur = num.head, *temp=head;
		while (cur)
		{
			if (!head)
			{
				head = new Node(cur->val, NULL);
				temp = head;
			}
			else
			{
				temp->next = new Node(cur->val, NULL);
				temp = temp->next;
			}
			cur = cur->next;
		}
	}
	Num& operator=(const Num&num)
	{
		if (this == &num)
			return *this;
		free();
		size = num.size;
		head = NULL;
		D = num.D;
		Node*cur = num.head, *temp=head;
		while (cur)
		{
			if (!head)
			{
				head = new Node(cur->val, NULL);
				temp = head;
			}
			else
			{
				temp->next = new Node(cur->val, NULL);
				temp = temp->next;
			}
			cur = cur->next;
		}
		return *this;
	}

最后是析构函数,我们析构函数只需要回收掉链表的内存即可

为了方便函数内部回收链表内存,将回收操作写为free函数

	~Num()
	{
		free();
	}
	void free()
	{
		size = 0;
		while (head)
		{
			Node*temp = head->next;
			delete head;
			head = temp;
		}
		head = NULL;
	}

上述即为Num类的基本组成函数

2.3加法操作与减法操作

为方便操作,加减时大数在前,小数在后,直接对本身对象进行操作,所以使用+=,-=以及返回对象本身引用

加减操作没什么好说的,从最低位开始依次相加

在进位或借位时进行了一个判断是否为小数点的操作,以防操作错误

	Num& operator+=(const Num&num)
	{
		Node*pa = head, *pb = num.head;
		while (pa||pb)
		{
			int b = 0;
			if (pb)
			{
				b = pb->val;
				pb = pb->next;
			}
			if (pa->val != -100)
			{
				pa->val += b;
				if (pa->val > 9)
				{
					if (pa->next)
					{
						if (pa->next->val == -100)
							pa->next->next->val++;
						else
							pa->next->val++;
					}
					else
					{
						pa->next = new Node(1, NULL);
						size++;
					}
					pa->val -= 10;
				}
			}
			pa = pa->next;
		}
		return *this;
	}
	Num& operator-=(const Num&num)
	{
		Node*pa = head, *pb = num.head;
		while (pa || pb)
		{
			int b = 0;
			if (pb)
			{
				b = pb->val;
				pb = pb->next;
			}
			if (pa->val != -100)
			{
				pa->val -= b;
				if (pa->val < 0)
				{
					if (pa->next->val == -100)
						pa->next->next->val--;
					else
						pa->next->val--;
					pa->val += 10;
				}
			}
			pa = pa->next;
		}
		return *this;
	}

2.4乘法操作

乘法操作其实和列式计算一样,涉及到进位,但很容易理解

	Num operator*(const Num&num)
	{
		Num res(string(size + num.size, '0'));
		Node *pr = res.head, *temp;
		for (Node*pa = head; pa != NULL; pa = pa->next)
		{
			int carry = 0;
			temp = pr;
			for (Node*pb = num.head; pb != NULL; pb = pb->next,pr=pr->next)
			{
				int temp = pa->val*pb->val + carry + pr->val;
				pr->val = temp % 10;
				carry = temp / 10;
			}
			pr->val += carry;
			pr = temp->next;
		}
		return res;
	}

2.5除法操作

除法操作我们使用被除数减去除数乘以若个干10进行

比如58除以5 首先用58-50=8 然后商加10 然后用8-5=3 商加1 由于3比5小,就不进行操作了 最终结果为11

但是题目要求除法操作要保留十位小数四舍五入,我们只需要事先对被除数乘以10^11即可,最终再加上小数点进行四舍五入操作

我们首先实现了两个与10有关的函数

	void Mul10(const int& x)
	{
		for (int i = 0; i < x; ++i)
		{
			head = new Node(0, head);
			size++;
		}
	}
	void Div10(const int&x)
	{
		for (int i = 0; i < x; ++i)
		{
			Node*temp = head->next;
			delete head;
			head = temp;
			size--;
		}
	}

然后是除法操作,res用于返回结果,p用于与res相加

d用于与被除数相减

	Num operator/(const Num&num)
	{
		Num res(string(1, '0')), p(string(1, '1'));
		res.D = true;
		p.D = true;
		Num d = num;
		while (num<=*this)
		{
			int len = size - num.size;
			d.Mul10(len);
			p.Mul10(len);
			int z = 0;
			if (*this < d)
			{
				d.Div10(1);
				p.Div10(1);
				z = -1;
			}
			if (res.head->val == 0&&res.size==1)
				res = p;
			else
				res += p;
			*this -= d;
			balance();
			d.Div10(len + z);
			p.Div10(len + z);
		}
		return res;
	}

我们注意到了除法操作中有比较<的操作,接下来便是重载<函数

暂时写成单向链表转化为字符串string比较的方法

	bool operator<(const Num&num)const
	{
		if (size < num.size)
			return true;
		else if (size > num.size)
			return false;
		string A(size, '0'), B(num.size, '0');
		Node*temp = head;
		for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
		{
			if (temp->val == -100)
				A[i] = '.';
			else
				A[i] = temp->val + '0';
			temp = temp->next;
		}
		temp = num.head;
		for (int i = num.size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
		{
			if (temp->val == -100)
				B[i] = '.';
			else
				B[i] = temp->val + '0';
			temp = temp->next;
		}
		return cmp(A, B);
	}
	bool cmp(const string&a, const string&b)const
	{
		if (a.size() < b.size())
			return true;
		else if (a.size() > b.size())
			return false;
		else
			return a < b;
	}
	bool operator==(const Num&num)const
	{
		if (size != num.size)
			return false;
		Node*pa = head, *pb = num.head;
		while (pa&&pb)
		{
			if (pa->val != pb->val)
				return false;
			pa = pa->next;
			pb = pb->next;
		}
		return true;
	}
	bool operator<=(const Num&num)const
	{
		return *this == num || *this < num;
	}

2.6打印数字

我们用一个bool值D来标记是否为除法结果,若D为真,则为商,需要进行小数点处理

我们需要考虑下列情况
1.若为小数点,将小数后面0清空,若全为0,则去掉小数点
2.将前导0去掉,若只剩小数点,则加0,或全为0,则为0

	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&os, const Num&num)
	{
		bool z = false;
		Num::Node* temp = num.head;
		string s(num.size, '0');
		for (int i = num.size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
		{
			if (temp->val == -100)
			{
				s[i] = '.';
				z = true;
			}
			else
				s[i] = temp->val + '0';
			temp = temp->next;
		}
		if (num.D)
		{
			if (s.size() <= 11)
				s = "0" + string(11 - s.size(), '0') + s;
			if (s[s.size() - 1] > '4')
				s[s.size() - 2]++;
			s.erase(s.end() - 1);
			for (int j = s.size() - 1; j > 0; --j)
			{
				if (s[j] > '9')
				{
					s[j - 1]++;
					s[j] -= 10;
				}
				else
					break;
			}
			if (s[0] > '9')
			{
				s[0] -= 10;
				s = "1" + s;
			}
			s.insert(s.size() - 10, ".");
			z = true;
		}
		int n = 0;
		while (s[n] == '0')
			n++;
		if (n == s.size())
			s = "0";
		else
			s = s.substr(n);
		if (s[0] == '.')
			s = '0' + s;
		bool t = true;
		int q;
		for (q = 0; q < s.size(); ++q)
			if (s[q] == '.')
				break;
		int j = s.size() - 1;
		if (z)
		{
			while (j > q&&s[j] == '0')
				j--;
			if (j == q)
				j--;
		}
		for (int i = 0; i <= j; ++i)
		{
			if (s[i] == '.')
				t = false;
			if (t && (q - i) % 3 == 0 && i != 0)
				os << ",";
			os << s[i];
		}
		os << endl;
		return os;
	}

2.7操作前处理

加减法将小数点对其,除法则将除数小数点去掉并将被除数扩大相应的倍数

void convert_Float_Plus(string&a, string&b)
{
	int x = 0, y = 0;
	while (x<a.size() && a[x] != '.')
		x++;
	while (y<b.size() && b[y] != '.')
		y++;
	if (x != a.size() || y != b.size())
	{
		int a_point = a.size() - x - 1, b_point = b.size() - y - 1;
		if (a_point > b_point)
			b += string(a_point - b_point, '0');
		else if (a_point < b_point)
			a += string(b_point - a_point, '0');
		a[x] = '.';
		b[y] = '.';
	}
}
void convet_Float_Divide(string&a, string&b)
{
	int x, y;
	for (x = 0; x < a.size(); ++x)
		if (a[x] == '.')
			break;
	for (y = 0; y < b.size(); ++y)
		if (b[y] == '.')
			break;
	if (y < b.size())
	{
		if (x < a.size())
			for (int i = 0; i < b.size() - y - 1; ++i)
				swap(a[x + i], a[x + 1 + i]);
		else
			a = a + string(b.size() - y - 1, '0');
		b.erase(b.begin() + y);
		int n = 0;
		while (b[n] == '0')
			++n;
		b = b.substr(n);
	}
	for (x = 0; x < a.size(); ++x)
		if (a[x] == '.')
			break;
	if (x < a.size())
	{
		if (a.size() - x - 1 <11)
			a = a + string(11 - (a.size() - x - 1), '0');
		else
			a = a.substr(0, x + 12);
		a.erase(a.begin() + x);
	}
	else
		a = a + string(11, '0');
}
posted @ 2018-02-25 17:19  vhyz  阅读(3722)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报