反接保护电路 Reverse Voltage Protection

Reverse Voltage Protection

I've long wanted to pull together some reverse polarity protection ideas in one place.

Many are found individually on the web, but seldom several in one place.

A recent QRP-L thread prompted me to put together this page.

I haven't tried all of them, and none are original with me.

I'm just pulling together ideas from others. You're on your own for circuit and part selection.

Click on the pictures for a larger image if needed. Please email if you wish me to add a circuit,

have a comment about the page, or if you spot any errors. Thank you es 72 ... WAØITP 

Blocking Diode

Super simple, inexpensive, easy to implement. ~.6V voltage drop if use Silicon diode, .2V drop for a Schottky. Some Schottkys may have high reverse current leakage and be unsuitable for this application.

Full Wave Rectifier

Simple, inexpensive, easy to implement. Can reverse input polarity with no effect. Two diode voltage drop ~1.2 for Silicons, ~.4 Schottkys. Some Schottkys may have high reverse current leakage and be unsuitable for this application.

P Channel MOSFET - PMOS

My favorite. Very simple and easy to implement. Little Voltage drop. Functions like a diode in this application. Choose the pmos device based on current and voltage ratings, AND the on resistance Rds(on) - the lower the better, around .025 ohms is good. Vdrop = I2R    Note that the transistor is reversed in this application, normally the Source would be positive relative to the Drain. For more info on using MOSFETS in this application look about 2/3 the way down on this page  An NMOS transistor can be used in the negative lead also, but there may be some issues with this approach.

Regulator - PNP or LDO

Regulators with PNP series pass transistors, and some Low Drop Out regulators employing PMOS transistors work well as RVP devices. Look at the LM2490, LM2931 and KA78RXXC families of PNP regulators. Check the data sheets for recommended capacitor values.

Fuse and Diode

No voltage drop. Simple, inexpensive, Not quite as easy to implement as the previous methods. Install fuze in an accessible place. Diode current rating must be greater than the fuse.

Resettable Fuse

Resets automatically, simple, inexpensive, easy to implement. Sometimes referred to as a PPTC device which stands for Polymeric Positive Temperature Coefficient. This a type of thermistor and has an associated voltage drop, current rating, a delay before tripping, and a reverse current spec when tripped. Choose your device based on these parameters. The diode current rating should be greater than the fuse rating.

Relay with NC Contacts

No Voltage drop. Resets automatically. No current drain until tripped. More complex than the above methods. A few milliseconds of delay, typically ~5ms, until the relay pulls in, during which time the circuit is unprotected.

Relay with NO Contacts

Pulls in when plugged in to voltage source. No Voltage drop. Resets automatically. Relay is continously energized until dropout. Continuous current drain until tripped. More complex than the above methods. Some delay, typically ~5ms, until the relay drops out, during which time the circuit is unprotected.

NMOS with Specialized IC

There are some specialized ICs for RVP also. Some are to be used with NMOS transistors, the LTX4365 being one. NMOS devices can be used in the positive lead but the gate voltage must be elevated above the Source voltage. A charge pump is utilized to get it about 8 volts higher so the transistor will turn on. NMOS transistors do have a very low Rds(on) .

Anderson Power Poles

Fail safe if wired correctly. Power poles are ~$1/pr. Assembly instructions are here. I solder rather than crimp them, and use them for nearly all power connectors.

Anderson Power Pole Checker

While the Power Poles are nearly impossible to reverse, here's a little gadget someone mentioned seeing. Use it to check the polarity. Green is good, red means fix it before plugging in a rig.

Using MOSFETs as blocking diodes

Connecting a battery backwards to an electronic circuit can rapidly do a lot of damage — current will flood through (and destroy) many integrated circuits when powered up the wrong way, and electrolytic capacitors have a famous tendency to explode. For this reason, it’s common to use a blocking diode in a circuit to provide reverse polarity protection:

If the battery is connected correctly, as shown, current flows through the diode to the circuit, and the circuit operates normally. If the battery is reversed, the battery tries to pull current through the diode the wrong way, and the diode refuses to conduct — protecting the load from damage.

 

The diode can also be placed on the low rail, as shown below. This is completely equivalent to the circuit shown above for battery-powered applications. However, it may make less sense in circuit provided positive DC power by an external supply, where having a consistent ground can be important. On the flip side, a circuit that operates using negative DC power (which is much rarer) would be much better off with the circuit below for the same reason.

This blocking diode approach works great for many applications. However, when the diode is conducting, there is a voltage drop across it (typically around 0.7V for silicon diodes, 0.2V for Schottky diodes) which means that the load sees a bit less voltage across it. This is a particularly major problem for low voltage applications, where a 0.3V drop can represent almost 10% of a 3.3V system’s power, wasted at the very first component. For higher power applications, a fair bit of power can be wasted as heat in the diode as well.

An alternative solution: MOSFETs

The wonderful thing about MOSFETs is that they can be designed to have incredibly low voltage drops, which translates into less waste heat and more voltage for the load to operate. You can routinely get MOSFETs with resistances of 20 milliohms and below, which translates to allowing 5 amps to pass with a drop of only 0.1V, less than any diode.

You can’t just use them as a direct drop-in replacement, though, because you have to drive the gate of the MOSFET somehow. Here’s the trick: you can just use the other terminal of the battery for this:

So, how does this work? I’m going to define the voltage of the bottom net,  to be ground, the voltage of the battery will be 9V, and the theshold gate voltage of the FET will be –4V. You can see a diode drawn as part fo the symbol for the MOSFET — that’s known as the body diode. Before the battery is connected,  and  will both be zero as well.

At the instant that the battery is connected,  will rise to 9V. Before the body diode begins to conduct,  will remain at zero as well. This means that  will be zero, so the FET will still be switched off.

It turns out that this design actually relies on the body diode to work, at least briefly. Current will flow through the body diode to the load, raising  to 7V or so (body diodes don’t tend to have the best forward voltage drops). This brings  to –7V, which goes well beyond the threshold voltage and will turn the FET on. At this point,  will rise to 9V (minus the small voltage drop across the FET).

When reverse biased, the body diode will be reverse biased, and will therefore not conduct.  will be somewhere between 0V and +9V, that is to say, somewhere between off and very off. So the FET performs its blocking duties admirably.

An N-channel FET can be used on the bottom rail instead, like so:

The same comments apply as for the aforementioned blocking diode on the bottom rail. There’s one additional advantage here, though: N-channel FETs tend to have better performance characteristics than P-channel FETs (although these days, both are remarkably excellent).

What’s the catch?

There are a number of reasons why this MOSFET circuit is not always a suitable replacement for a normal blocking diode:

• Some blocking diodes are used in applications where current from a generator is used to charge two separate batteries. If one battery ends up with a higher voltage than another, the blocking diodes prevent electricity from flowing out of the higher voltage battery, back onto the generator leads, and into the other battery. The circuit above will completely fail at this job, because  will be across the battery leads, meaning the the FETs will just permanently be switched on at all times. This is a circuit to prevent the load from becoming reverse biased, not to prevent current escaping the load the wrong way.
• It might not always be easy to physically connect the gate of the MOSFET to the opposite rail, especially with a circuit laid out with a normal diode in mind.
• MOSFETs have a few more maximum limits to check and look after than diode, owing mostly to the fact the a MOSFET has an extra leg. This isn’t a practical disadvantage, just something to be careful about.

Is it safe to pass current through the MOSFET in the non-conventional direction?

It might seem unusual to pass current up through the MOSFET, especially since the curves in datasheets don’t seem to cover this region. However, operation in this so-called third quadrant is routinely used in buck converters, where a MOSFET is used to replace the reverse recovery diode (source). The reasons for replacing the reverse recovery diode with a MOSFET are exactly the same as for replacing blocking diodes — it’s to avoid energy wasted due to diode voltage drop.

MOSFET selection

The figures below are for the P-FET design, N-FET design will be similar except with a few minus signs thrown around the place. This is just a rough guide, etc.

• The absolute maximum  should be at least , where  is the voltage of the power supply/battery. This is because in a situation when correct polarity rapidly switches to reverse polarity, you get , .
• The absolute maximum  should be at least .
• Check the output characteristics to ensure that the FET is thoroughly on when . Roughly speaking, this corresponds to  being greater than than  (remembering, e.g., –2 is greater than –9).
• And of course, check that the FET can handle the current, the power dissipated, and the heat generated. And yes, these are three related but very different things that need to be checked independently (the last is calculated using thermal resistance, given in the datasheet).

Fin.

So there you have it. If anyone out there uses this circuit because of this page, I’d love to hear about it! And as always, I will attend to any questions left below.