【struts2】<package>的配置
<package>元素可以把逻辑上相关的一组Action、Result、Intercepter等元素封装起来，形成一个独立的模块，package可以继承其他的package，也可以作为父包被其他的package继承，比如“<package name="helloworld" extends="struts-default">”中，helloworld这个包就继承了struts-default这个包。
<package>元素有如下属性：
- name：包的名称。必须配置
- extends：要继承的包，后面配置的是被继承的包的名称。可选
- namespace：包的命名空间。可选
- abstract：定义包为抽象的，也就是不能包含Action的定义。可选
下面重点讲解一下namespace和abstract属性：
1）namespace属性
namespace配置的是包的命名空间，同一个命名空间里面不能有同名的Action，当然不同的命名空间里面是可以有同名的Action的。类似于Java的包的功能，namespace可以有效的防止action重名的冲突，因为配置了namespace后，在访问action的时候就需要添加namespace来作为action的前缀。如果不配置namespace，表示是默认的namespace，那么访问的时候不需要添加namespace前缀。比如HelloWorld的示例，struts.xml的配置如下：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"> <struts> <constant name="struts.devMode" value="true" /> <constant name="struts.locale" value="zh_CN"/> <constant name="struts.i18n.encoding" value="gb2312"/> <package name="helloworld" extends="struts-default"> <action name="helloworldAction" class="cn.javass.hello.struts2impl.action.HelloWorldAction"> <result name="toWelcome">/s2impl/welcome.jsp</result> </action> </package> </struts>
观察里面<package>元素的定义，里面是没有配置namespace的，因此在访问的时候，是直接在webcontext下面写要访问的action的名称的，示例如下：
<form action="/helloworld/helloworldAction.action" method="post"> …… </form>
其中“/helloworld”是webcontext。
如果配置了namespace，那么访问的时候是必须要添加namespace前缀的，配置namespace的时候“/”表示namespace的根。示例如下：
……省略了 <package name="hello" namespace="/javass" extends="struts-default"> <action name="helloworldAction" class="cn.javass.hello.struts2impl.action.HelloWorldAction"> <result name="toWelcome">/s2impl/welcome.jsp</result> </action> </package>
那么访问的时候就需要加上namespace，示例如下：
<form action="/helloworld/javass/helloworldAction.action" method="post"> …… </form>
2）abstract属性
abstract用来定义包为抽象的，也就是不能包含Action的定义，但是抽象包可以被其他包继承，因此里面可以定义其他包需要的元素，比如ResultType、Interceptor等等。
比如上面HelloWorld示例中继承的struts-default包，它就是个抽象的包，定义示例如下：
<package name="struts-default" abstract="true"> <result-types> <result-type name="chain" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionChainResult"/> <result-type name="dispatcher" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ServletDispatcherResult" default="true"/> <result-type name="freemarker" class="org.apache.struts2.views.freemarker.FreemarkerResult"/> <result-type name="httpheader" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.HttpHeaderResult"/> <result-type name="redirect" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ServletRedirectResult"/> <result-type name="redirectAction" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ServletActionRedirectResult"/> <result-type name="stream" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.StreamResult"/> <result-type name="velocity" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.VelocityResult"/> <result-type name="xslt" class="org.apache.struts2.views.xslt.XSLTResult"/> <result-type name="plainText" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.PlainTextResult" /> <result-type name="postback" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.PostbackResult" /> </result-types> <interceptors> <interceptor name="alias" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="autowiring" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="chain" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="conversionError" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.StrutsConversionErrorInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="cookie" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CookieInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="cookieProvider" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CookieProviderInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="clearSession" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ClearSessionInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="createSession" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CreateSessionInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="debugging" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="execAndWait" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ExecuteAndWaitInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="exception" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="fileUpload" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="i18n" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="logger" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.LoggingInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="modelDriven" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="scopedModelDriven" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="params" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="actionMappingParams" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ActionMappingParametersInteceptor"/> <interceptor name="prepare" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="staticParams" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="scope" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ScopeInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="servletConfig" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="timer" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.TimerInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="token" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.TokenInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="tokenSession" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.TokenSessionStoreInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="validation" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="workflow" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor"/> <interceptor name="store" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MessageStoreInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="checkbox" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="profiling" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ProfilingActivationInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="roles" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.RolesInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="annotationWorkflow" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.annotations.AnnotationWorkflowInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="multiselect" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MultiselectInterceptor" /> <interceptor name="deprecation" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.DeprecationInterceptor" /> <!-- Basic stack --> <interceptor-stack name="basicStack"> <interceptor-ref name="exception"/> <interceptor-ref name="servletConfig"/> <interceptor-ref name="prepare"/> <interceptor-ref name="checkbox"/> <interceptor-ref name="multiselect"/> <interceptor-ref name="actionMappingParams"/> <interceptor-ref name="params"> <param name="excludeParams">^class\..*,^dojo\..*,^struts\..*,^session\..*,^request\..*,^application\..*,^servlet(Request|Response)\..*,^parameters\..*,^action:.*,^method:.*</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/> <interceptor-ref name="deprecation"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- Sample validation and workflow stack --> <interceptor-stack name="validationWorkflowStack"> <interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/> <interceptor-ref name="validation"/> <interceptor-ref name="workflow"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- Sample file upload stack --> <interceptor-stack name="fileUploadStack"> <interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"/> <interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- Sample model-driven stack --> <interceptor-stack name="modelDrivenStack"> <interceptor-ref name="modelDriven"/> <interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- Sample action chaining stack --> <interceptor-stack name="chainStack"> <interceptor-ref name="chain"/> <interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- Sample i18n stack --> <interceptor-stack name="i18nStack"> <interceptor-ref name="i18n"/> <interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- An example of the paramsPrepareParams trick. This stack is exactly the same as the defaultStack, except that it includes one extra interceptor before the prepare interceptor: the params interceptor. This is useful for when you wish to apply parameters directly to an object that you wish to load externally (such as a DAO or database or service layer), but can't load that object until at least the ID parameter has been loaded. By loading the parameters twice, you can retrieve the object in the prepare() method, allowing the second params interceptor to apply the values on the object. --> <interceptor-stack name="paramsPrepareParamsStack"> <interceptor-ref name="exception"/> <interceptor-ref name="alias"/> <interceptor-ref name="i18n"/> <interceptor-ref name="checkbox"/> <interceptor-ref name="multiselect"/> <interceptor-ref name="params"> <param name="excludeParams">^class\..*,^dojo\..*,^struts\..*,^session\..*,^request\..*,^application\..*,^servlet(Request|Response)\..*,^parameters\..*,^action:.*,^method:.*</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="servletConfig"/> <interceptor-ref name="prepare"/> <interceptor-ref name="chain"/> <interceptor-ref name="modelDriven"/> <interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"/> <interceptor-ref name="staticParams"/> <interceptor-ref name="actionMappingParams"/> <interceptor-ref name="params"> <param name="excludeParams">^class\..*,^dojo\..*,^struts\..*,^session\..*,^request\..*,^application\..*,^servlet(Request|Response)\..*,^parameters\..*,^action:.*,^method:.*</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/> <interceptor-ref name="validation"> <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="workflow"> <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param> </interceptor-ref> </interceptor-stack> <!-- A complete stack with all the common interceptors in place. Generally, this stack should be the one you use, though it may do more than you need. Also, the ordering can be switched around (ex: if you wish to have your servlet-related objects applied before prepare() is called, you'd need to move servletConfig interceptor up. This stack also excludes from the normal validation and workflow the method names input, back, and cancel. These typically are associated with requests that should not be validated. --> <interceptor-stack name="defaultStack"> <interceptor-ref name="exception"/> <interceptor-ref name="alias"/> <interceptor-ref name="servletConfig"/> <interceptor-ref name="i18n"/> <interceptor-ref name="prepare"/> <interceptor-ref name="chain"/> <interceptor-ref name="scopedModelDriven"/> <interceptor-ref name="modelDriven"/> <interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"/> <interceptor-ref name="checkbox"/> <interceptor-ref name="multiselect"/> <interceptor-ref name="staticParams"/> <interceptor-ref name="actionMappingParams"/> <interceptor-ref name="params"> <param name="excludeParams">^class\..*,^dojo\..*,^struts\..*,^session\..*,^request\..*,^application\..*,^servlet(Request|Response)\..*,^parameters\..*,^action:.*,^method:.*</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/> <interceptor-ref name="validation"> <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="workflow"> <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="debugging"/> <interceptor-ref name="deprecation"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- The completeStack is here for backwards compatibility for applications that still refer to the defaultStack by the old name --> <interceptor-stack name="completeStack"> <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/> </interceptor-stack> <!-- Sample execute and wait stack. Note: execAndWait should always be the *last* interceptor. --> <interceptor-stack name="executeAndWaitStack"> <interceptor-ref name="execAndWait"> <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel</param> </interceptor-ref> <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/> <interceptor-ref name="execAndWait"> <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel</param> </interceptor-ref> </interceptor-stack> </interceptors> <default-interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/> <default-class-ref class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport" /> </package>
