Android 安全测试

文章Android Security Tools对1~4的使用有介绍，下面主要分析其源码实现。

View Codepublic void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
...
	Map<String, PackageInfo> packages = new HashMap<String, PackageInfo>();
	PackageManager pm = getPackageManager();
	List<PackageInfo> l = pm.getInstalledPackages(0xFFFFFFFF);
...

函数getInstalledPackages(int)参数有如下取值：

flags	Value
GET_ACTIVITIES	0x00000001
GET_GIDS	0x00000100
GET_CONFIGURATIONS	0x00004000
GET_INSTRUMENTATION	0x00000010
GET_PERMISSIONS	0x00001000
GET_PROVIDERS	0x00000008
GET_RECEIVERS	0x00000002
GET_SERVICES	0x00000004
GET_SIGNATURES	0x00000040
GET_UNINSTALLED_PACKAGES	0x00002000

为oxFFFFFFFF是由于Android此函数实现对flags取“&”，不能包括GET_META_DATA，可取512或14111。详见ApplicationPackageManager.java

View Code@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public List<PackageInfo> getInstalledPackages(int flags) {
        return getInstalledPackages(flags, mContext.getUserId());
    }

    /** @hide */
    @Override
    public List<PackageInfo> getInstalledPackages(int flags, int userId) {
        try {
            ParceledListSlice<PackageInfo> slice = mPM.getInstalledPackages(flags, userId);
            return slice.getList();
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Package manager has died", e);
        }
    }

PackageManagerService.java

View Code@Override
public ParceledListSlice<PackageInfo> getInstalledPackages(int flags, int userId) {
	final boolean listUninstalled = (flags & PackageManager.GET_UNINSTALLED_PACKAGES) != 0;

	enforceCrossUserPermission(Binder.getCallingUid(), userId, true, "get installed packages");

	// writer
	synchronized (mPackages) {
		ArrayList<PackageInfo> list;
		if (listUninstalled) {
			list = new ArrayList<PackageInfo>(mSettings.mPackages.size());
			for (PackageSetting ps : mSettings.mPackages.values()) {
				PackageInfo pi;
				if (ps.pkg != null) {
					pi = generatePackageInfo(ps.pkg, flags, userId);
				} else {
					pi = generatePackageInfoFromSettingsLPw(ps.name, flags, userId);
				}
				if (pi != null) {
					list.add(pi);
				}
			}
		} else {
			list = new ArrayList<PackageInfo>(mPackages.size());
			for (PackageParser.Package p : mPackages.values()) {
				PackageInfo pi = generatePackageInfo(p, flags, userId);
				if (pi != null) {
					list.add(pi);
				}
			}
		}

		return new ParceledListSlice<PackageInfo>(list);
	}
}

PackageInfo generatePackageInfo(PackageParser.Package p, int flags, int userId) {
	if (!sUserManager.exists(userId)) return null;
	PackageInfo pi;
	final PackageSetting ps = (PackageSetting) p.mExtras;
	if (ps == null) {
		return null;
	}
	final GrantedPermissions gp = ps.sharedUser != null ? ps.sharedUser : ps;
	final PackageUserState state = ps.readUserState(userId);
	return PackageParser.generatePackageInfo(p, gp.gids, flags,
			ps.firstInstallTime, ps.lastUpdateTime, gp.grantedPermissions,
			state, userId);
}

private PackageInfo generatePackageInfoFromSettingsLPw(String packageName, int flags,
		int userId) {
	if (!sUserManager.exists(userId)) return null;
	PackageSetting ps = mSettings.mPackages.get(packageName);
	if (ps != null) {
		PackageParser.Package pkg = ps.pkg;
		if (pkg == null) {
			if ((flags & PackageManager.GET_UNINSTALLED_PACKAGES) == 0) {
				return null;
			}
			pkg = new PackageParser.Package(packageName);
			pkg.applicationInfo.packageName = packageName;
			pkg.applicationInfo.flags = ps.pkgFlags | ApplicationInfo.FLAG_IS_DATA_ONLY;
			pkg.applicationInfo.publicSourceDir = ps.resourcePathString;
			pkg.applicationInfo.sourceDir = ps.codePathString;
			pkg.applicationInfo.dataDir =
					getDataPathForPackage(packageName, 0).getPath();
			pkg.applicationInfo.nativeLibraryDir = ps.nativeLibraryPathString;
		}
		// pkg.mSetEnabled = ps.getEnabled(userId);
		// pkg.mSetStopped = ps.getStopped(userId);
		return generatePackageInfo(pkg, flags, userId);
	}
	return null;
}

PackageParser.java

View Codepublic static PackageInfo generatePackageInfo(PackageParser.Package p,
		int gids[], int flags, long firstInstallTime, long lastUpdateTime,
		HashSet<String> grantedPermissions, PackageUserState state, int userId) {

	if (!checkUseInstalled(flags, state)) {
		return null;
	}
	PackageInfo pi = new PackageInfo();
	pi.packageName = p.packageName;
	pi.versionCode = p.mVersionCode;
	pi.versionName = p.mVersionName;
	pi.sharedUserId = p.mSharedUserId;
	pi.sharedUserLabel = p.mSharedUserLabel;
	pi.applicationInfo = generateApplicationInfo(p, flags, state, userId);
	pi.installLocation = p.installLocation;
	if ((pi.applicationInfo.flags&ApplicationInfo.FLAG_SYSTEM) != 0
			|| (pi.applicationInfo.flags&ApplicationInfo.FLAG_UPDATED_SYSTEM_APP) != 0) {
		pi.requiredForAllUsers = p.mRequiredForAllUsers;
	}
	pi.restrictedAccountType = p.mRestrictedAccountType;
	pi.requiredAccountType = p.mRequiredAccountType;
	pi.firstInstallTime = firstInstallTime;
	pi.lastUpdateTime = lastUpdateTime;
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_GIDS) != 0) {
		pi.gids = gids;
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_CONFIGURATIONS) != 0) {
		int N = p.configPreferences.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			pi.configPreferences = new ConfigurationInfo[N];
			p.configPreferences.toArray(pi.configPreferences);
		}
		N = p.reqFeatures != null ? p.reqFeatures.size() : 0;
		if (N > 0) {
			pi.reqFeatures = new FeatureInfo[N];
			p.reqFeatures.toArray(pi.reqFeatures);
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_ACTIVITIES) != 0) {
		int N = p.activities.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
				pi.activities = new ActivityInfo[N];
			} else {
				int num = 0;
				for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
					if (p.activities.get(i).info.enabled) num++;
				}
				pi.activities = new ActivityInfo[num];
			}
			for (int i=0, j=0; i<N; i++) {
				final Activity activity = p.activities.get(i);
				if (activity.info.enabled
					|| (flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
					pi.activities[j++] = generateActivityInfo(p.activities.get(i), flags,
							state, userId);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_RECEIVERS) != 0) {
		int N = p.receivers.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
				pi.receivers = new ActivityInfo[N];
			} else {
				int num = 0;
				for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
					if (p.receivers.get(i).info.enabled) num++;
				}
				pi.receivers = new ActivityInfo[num];
			}
			for (int i=0, j=0; i<N; i++) {
				final Activity activity = p.receivers.get(i);
				if (activity.info.enabled
					|| (flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
					pi.receivers[j++] = generateActivityInfo(p.receivers.get(i), flags,
							state, userId);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_SERVICES) != 0) {
		int N = p.services.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
				pi.services = new ServiceInfo[N];
			} else {
				int num = 0;
				for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
					if (p.services.get(i).info.enabled) num++;
				}
				pi.services = new ServiceInfo[num];
			}
			for (int i=0, j=0; i<N; i++) {
				final Service service = p.services.get(i);
				if (service.info.enabled
					|| (flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
					pi.services[j++] = generateServiceInfo(p.services.get(i), flags,
							state, userId);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_PROVIDERS) != 0) {
		int N = p.providers.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
				pi.providers = new ProviderInfo[N];
			} else {
				int num = 0;
				for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
					if (p.providers.get(i).info.enabled) num++;
				}
				pi.providers = new ProviderInfo[num];
			}
			for (int i=0, j=0; i<N; i++) {
				final Provider provider = p.providers.get(i);
				if (provider.info.enabled
					|| (flags&PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS) != 0) {
					pi.providers[j++] = generateProviderInfo(p.providers.get(i), flags,
							state, userId);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_INSTRUMENTATION) != 0) {
		int N = p.instrumentation.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			pi.instrumentation = new InstrumentationInfo[N];
			for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
				pi.instrumentation[i] = generateInstrumentationInfo(
						p.instrumentation.get(i), flags);
			}
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS) != 0) {
		int N = p.permissions.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			pi.permissions = new PermissionInfo[N];
			for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
				pi.permissions[i] = generatePermissionInfo(p.permissions.get(i), flags);
			}
		}
		N = p.requestedPermissions.size();
		if (N > 0) {
			pi.requestedPermissions = new String[N];
			pi.requestedPermissionsFlags = new int[N];
			for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
				final String perm = p.requestedPermissions.get(i);
				pi.requestedPermissions[i] = perm;
				if (p.requestedPermissionsRequired.get(i)) {
					pi.requestedPermissionsFlags[i] |= PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_REQUIRED;
				}
				if (grantedPermissions != null && grantedPermissions.contains(perm)) {
					pi.requestedPermissionsFlags[i] |= PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if ((flags&PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES) != 0) {
	   int N = (p.mSignatures != null) ? p.mSignatures.length : 0;
	   if (N > 0) {
			pi.signatures = new Signature[N];
			System.arraycopy(p.mSignatures, 0, pi.signatures, 0, N);
		}
	}
	return pi;
}

回到此apk的源文件ViewPackage.java

View Code@Override
	protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
	...
	Intent startingIntent = this.getIntent();

		try {
			ArrayList<String> toShow = startingIntent.getExtras()
					.getStringArrayList("pkgs");
			/*
			 * Allow starting of activities when we are in single package view
			 * mode, and give package count when not exactly one.
			 */
			if (toShow.size() != 1)
				mOut.append("Received " + toShow.size() + " package names\n");
			else
				setupActionStuff(pm.getPackageInfo(toShow.get(0), 0xFFFFFFFF));

			for (String cur : toShow) {
				mOut.append(describePackage(packages.get(cur)));
			}
	...

	void initControls() {
	...
	mStartButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
			public void onClick(View v) {
				startCurrentlySelected();
			}
		});
	...
	
	/**
	 * Populates the activity selection spinner and activates start button if
	 * needed.
	 */
	public void setupActionStuff(PackageInfo p) {
		showActivityUI(false);
		mActivitiesList.clear();
		mPkgName = null;

		// enable system and manifest views as this is an individual package
		mSystemViewButton.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
		try {
			getPackageManager().getPackageGids(
					"com.isecpartners.android.manifestexplorer");
			mManifestButton.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
		} catch (NameNotFoundException e) {
			mManifestButton.setVisibility(View.GONE);
		}

		if (null == p || null == p.activities)
			return;

		mPkgName = p.packageName;

		for (ActivityInfo ai : p.activities)
			if (ai.exported)
				mActivitiesList.add(ai.name);

		ArrayAdapter<String> AA = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,
				android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item, mActivitiesList);
		mActivities.setAdapter(AA);

		if (mActivities.getCount() > 0)
			showActivityUI(true);
	}
	
	/**
	 * Looks at the spinner for the currently selected Activity, then starts it.
	 */
	public void startCurrentlySelected() {
		Intent i = new Intent();
		i.setComponent(new ComponentName(mPkgName, mActivities
				.getSelectedItem().toString()));
		startActivity(i);
	}

3.Intent Sniffer

IntentSniffer.java

View Code// classes that have broadcast actions, this list is incomplete (a start).
// These classes are not all visible to SDK, so loading them at runtime for
// reflection on the actual device.
public String[] actionHarboringClasses = {
		"android.content.Intent",
		"android.bluetooth.BluetoothIntent",
		"android.bluetooth.BluetoothA2dp",
		// Application specific, and would be dangerous to load (as their
		// static initializer might run etc.)
		// "com.android.mms.transaction.MessageStatusReceiver",
		// "com.android.mms.transaction.SmsReceiverService",
		// "com.android.internal.telephony.gsm.stk.AppInterface",
		"com.android.internal.location.GpsLocationProvider",
		"com.android.internal.telephony.TelephonyIntents",
		"android.provider.Telephony.Intents",
		"android.proivder.Contacts.Intents",
		"com.android.mms.util.RateController",
		"android.media.AudioManager", "android.net.wifi.WifiManager",
		"android.telephony.TelephonyManager",
		"android.appwidget.AppWidgetManager",
		"android.net.ConnectivityManager" };

/*
 * Grabs the recent tasks from the ActivityManager.
 */
protected void updateWithRecents() {
	ActivityManager am = (ActivityManager) getSystemService(ACTIVITY_SERVICE);
	List<RecentTaskInfo> rti = am.getRecentTasks(1000,
			ActivityManager.RECENT_WITH_EXCLUDED);
	StringBuffer log = new StringBuffer();
	int count = 0;
	for (RecentTaskInfo c : rti) {
		count++;
		Intent cur = c.baseIntent;
		log.append("received: " + rti.toString() + "\n");
		receiveIntent(RECENT_SOURCE, cur);
		Log.d(TAG, "recent intent added: " + cur.toString()
				+ cur.hashCode());
	}

}

protected void updateKnownCategories() {
	Set<String> l = new HashSet<String>();
	// reflect across whatever Intent class is installed on the user's
	// system to grab all static "CATEGORY" fields
	for (Field f : Intent.class.getFields()) {
		// the Intent class has a bunch of constants named "CATEGORY_*",
		// grabbing em...cheap eh.
		if (f.getName().startsWith("CATEGORY")
				&& f.getType() == String.class) {
			try {
				l.add((String) f.get(null));
			} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
				// should "adjust" protection level of field and retry.
				// but I believe there is no need right now. Maybe a
				// future constant will be private on some platform.
				Log.d(TAG, "Access error on: " + f.getName());
			}
		}
	}

	mKnownCategories = l.toArray(new String[l.size()]);
	saveKnownCategories();
}

protected void updateKnownActions() {
	Set<String> l = new HashSet<String>();
	List<Class> classes = new ArrayList<Class>();

	for (String cur : actionHarboringClasses)
		try {
			classes.add(Class.forName(cur));
		} catch (ClassNotFoundException cne) {
			Log.e(TAG, "missing class " + cne.getMessage());
		}

	for (Class c : classes)
		for (Field f : c.getFields()) {
			// actions constants tend to start or end with ACTION
			if ((f.getName().startsWith("ACTION") || f.getName().endsWith(
					"ACTION"))
					&& f.getType() == String.class) {
				try {
					l.add((String) f.get(null));
				} catch (Exception e) {
					// should "adjust" protection level of field and retry.
					Log.d(TAG, "Access error on: " + c.getName() + " : "
							+ f.getName() + "" + e.getMessage());
				}
			}
		}
	this.mNumReflected = l.size();
	findMoreActions(l);
	mKnownBroadcastActions = l.toArray(new String[l.size()]);
	saveKnownActions();
}

protected void findMoreActions(Set<String> l) {
	// walk the XML registrations for every package on the system looking
	// for places where broadcast receivers are registered.
	for (PackageInfo pi : getPackageManager().getInstalledPackages(
			PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS)) {
		try {
			XmlResourceParser x = createPackageContext(pi.packageName, 0)
					.getAssets().openXmlResourceParser(
							"AndroidManifest.xml");
			int eventType = x.getEventType();
			// looking for receiver tag, containing action tag(s), contains
			// a name attribute has a value that is the known action.
			int state = 0; // 0 out, 1 in receiver
			String n;
			while (eventType != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) {
				switch (eventType) {
				case XmlPullParser.START_TAG:
					n = x.getName();
					n = (null == n) ? "" : n.toLowerCase();
					if (n.equals("receiver"))
						state = 1;
					else if (1 == state && n.equals("action"))
						for (int i = 0; i < x.getAttributeCount(); i++)
							if (x.getAttributeName(i).equalsIgnoreCase(
									"name"))
								l.add(x.getAttributeValue(i));
					break;
				case XmlPullParser.END_TAG:
					n = x.getName();
					n = (null == n) ? "" : n.toLowerCase();
					if (n.equals("receiver"))
						state = 0;
					break;
				}
				eventType = x.nextToken();
			}
		} catch (IOException ioe) {
			Log.e(TAG, "IOException opening package: " + pi.packageName);
		} catch (NameNotFoundException name) {
			Log.e(TAG, "NameNotFoundException opening package: "
					+ pi.packageName);
		} catch (XmlPullParserException e) {
			Log.e(TAG, "Exception reading manifest XML for package: "
					+ pi.packageName);
		}
	}
	mNumDug = l.size() - mNumReflected;
}

4.Intent Fuzzer

IntentFuzzer.java

View Code
/**
 * For any type, provide the registered instances based on what the package
 * manager has on file. Only provide exported components.
 * 
 * @param type
 *            IPC requested, activity, broadcast, etc.
 * @return
 */
protected ArrayList<ComponentName> getExportedComponents(IPCType type) {
	ArrayList<ComponentName> found = new ArrayList<ComponentName>();
	PackageManager pm = getPackageManager();
	for (PackageInfo pi : pm
			.getInstalledPackages(PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS
					| PackageManager.GET_ACTIVITIES
					| PackageManager.GET_RECEIVERS
					| PackageManager.GET_INSTRUMENTATION
					| PackageManager.GET_PROVIDERS
					| PackageManager.GET_SERVICES)) {
		PackageItemInfo items[] = null;

		switch (type) {
		case ACTIVITIES:
			items = pi.activities;
			break;
		case BROADCASTS:
			items = pi.receivers;
			break;
		case SERVICES:
			items = pi.services;
			break;
		case PROVIDERS:
			items = pi.providers;
			break;
		case INSTRUMENTATIONS:
			items = pi.instrumentation;
		}

		if (items != null)
			for (PackageItemInfo pii : items)
				found.add(new ComponentName(pi.packageName, pii.name));
	}

	return found;
}

protected int fuzzAllBroadcasts(List<ComponentName> comps) {
	int count = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < comps.size(); i++) {
		Intent in = new Intent();
		in.setComponent(comps.get(i));
		sendBroadcast(in);
		count++;
	}
	return count;
}

protected int fuzzAllServices(List<ComponentName> comps) {
	int count = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < comps.size(); i++) {
		Intent in = new Intent();
		in.setComponent(comps.get(i));
		try {
			startService(in);
		} catch (Exception e) {
			mOut.append("Can't launch " + comps.get(i) + ""
					+ e.getMessage() + "\n");
		}
		count++;
	}
	return count;
}

protected boolean sendIntentByType(Intent i, IPCType t) {
	try {
		switch (t) {
		case ACTIVITIES:
			startActivity(i);
			return true;
		case BROADCASTS:
			sendBroadcast(i);
			return true;
		case SERVICES:
			startService(i); // stopping these might be nice too
			return true;
		case PROVIDERS:
			// uh - providers don't use Intents...what am I doing...
			Toast.makeText(this,
					"Proivders don't use Intents, ignore this setting.",
					Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
			return false;
		case INSTRUMENTATIONS:
			Toast
					.makeText(
							this,
							"Instrumentations aren't Intent based... starting Instrumentation.",
							Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
			startInstrumentation(i.getComponent(), null, null); // not
			// intent based you could fuzz these params, if anyone cared.
			return true;
		}
	} catch (Exception e) {
		return false;
	}
	return false;
}

protected Intent fuzzBroadcast(ComponentName toTest) {
	Intent i = new Intent();
	i.setComponent(toTest);
	sendBroadcast(i);
	return i;
}

5.drozer（原名Mercury）用作Android平台上动态分析的安全测试框架，其源码由Python编写，它能安装在Windows & Linux上，详见其用户指南，其研发公司MWR InfoSecurity还提供了Android 安全研究。

6.androguard用Python编写，目前只能在Linux上安装、使用，它安装时需要较多第三方库的支持，幻灯片Android-OEM-applications-insecurity-and-backdoors-without-permission用此工具作了分析。

7.DroidBox用Python编写，目前只能运行在Linux和Mac上，它用作对Android应用动态分析。

8.查看apk签名：

jarsigner -verify -verbose -certs apk_name.apk

或者Android APK 签名比对

9.Apk相关文件中如congfig、未加密的db中无工号、用户个人数据和系统数据、万能码之类内容、账户密码和敏感数据不要明文存储

10.Apk网络传输时不能泄露数据、不能有影响安全的开发端口，测试工具参考文章Android工具tcpdump和Nmap

11.Apk运行时Logcat输出不必要的信息

12.APK相关文件权限other组权限为---或--x，比如不含w权限：

-rw-rw--w- ：data/data/com.snda.cloudary/shared_prefs/UserInfo.xml …该文件的这个权限不安全

13.Santoku

14.用至少两种杀毒软件对发布产品进行查杀

15.禁用私有加密算法和业界已知不安全加密算法，需解决兼容或标准协议规定的除外。目前较安全的加密算法为：

3DES　　　　　　128及以上

AES　　　　　　 128及以上

RSA　　　　　　 1024及以上

SHA2　　　　　　256及以上

HMAC-SHA2　　 128及以上

其它可见幻灯片Android软件安全攻防研究现状，Android漏洞信息库，Security Tips。

16.APK禁止申请不必要权限

posted on 2013-08-10 13:17 农夫山药阅读(2604) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报