Golang 效率初(粗)测
从接触 Golang 开始,断断续续已有差不多一年左右的时间了,都是业余自己学学看看,尚主要限于语法及语言特性,还没有用它写过实际的项目。
关于 Golang 的语法及语言特性,网上有很多资源可以学习。后面某个时间,我也许会写一篇粗浅的文章,来比较一下 Golang 和 C++、Delphi 甚至 C# 等语言语法方面的特性。
我算是个急性子的人(当然现在好一些了),于是作为码农,显而易见会对“效率”比较敏感。这里的效率不单单指编译器生成的机器码优化程度,也包括编译器的编译速度,所以我对 C++ 兴趣不算大,虽然它是我平时的工作语言。
言归正传。
分别用 Golang、C++、Delphi 写了四个小例子,包括普通的应用场景、字符串(串接)操作及数据密集计算(当然也会涉及到譬如库函数的优化等)。我的电脑软硬件环境为:Win7 64bit,Xeon E3-1230(8核),16G RAM。Golang 版本是 1.3.1 Windows/386,VC 则用的 VS 2012,而 Delphi 则用的 XE6 Update1。VC 和 Delphi 编译设置为 Win32 & Release,Golang 则使用默认配置。
所有测试计量单位均为毫秒(ms)。
首先是计算 π 的例子,代码分别如下。
Golang:
package main
import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)
const cNumMax = 999999999
func main() {
	sign := 1.0
	pi := 0.0
	t1 := time.Now()
	for i := 1; i < cNumMax+2; i += 2 {
		pi += (1.0 / float64(i)) * sign
		sign = -sign
	}
	pi *= 4
	t2 := time.Now()
	fmt.Printf("PI = %f; Time = %d\n", pi, t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
}  
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    const int cNumMax = 999999999;
	double sign = 1.0;
    double pi = 0;
    clock_t t1 = clock();
    for (int i = 1; i < cNumMax + 2; i += 2)
    {
        pi += (1.0f / (double)i) * sign;
        sign = -sign;
    }
    pi *= 4;
    clock_t t2 = clock();
    printf("PI = %lf; Time = %d\n", pi, t2 - t1);
    return 0;
}
Delphi:
program PiCalcer;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;
const
  cNumMax = 999999999;
var
  Sign: Double = 1.0;
  Pi  : Double = 0.0;
  I   : Integer;
  T1  : Double;
  T2  : Double;
  S   : string;
begin
  T1 := Now;
  I := 1;
  while I < cNumMax + 2 do
  begin
    Pi := Pi + (1.0 / I) * Sign;
    Sign := -Sign;
    I := I + 2;
  end;
  Pi := Pi * 4;
  T2 := Now;
  S := Format('PI = %.6f; Time = %d', [Pi, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]);
  Writeln(S);
  Readln;
end.
分别执行 10 次,结果如下。
Golang:2038 2028 2036 2024 2034 2015 2034 2018 2024 2018,平均:2026.9;
C++ :2041 2052 2062 2036 2033 2049 2039 2026 2037 2038,平均:2041.3;
Delphi :2594 2572 2574 2584 2574 2564 2575 2575 2571 2563,平均:2574.6。
结果居然很不错,比 VC 还快,而 Delphi,大家都懂,优化向来不是它的“强项”。
然后是个质数生成例子。
Golang:
package main
import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)
const cNumMax = 10000000
func main() {
	t1 := time.Now()
	var nums [cNumMax + 1]int
	var i, j int
	for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
		nums[i] = i
	}
	for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
		j = 2
		for j*i < cNumMax+1 {
			nums[j*i] = 0
			j++
		}
	}
	cnt := 0
	for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
		if nums[i] != 0 {
			cnt++
		}
	}
	t2 := time.Now()
	fmt.Println("Time:", t2.Sub(t1), " Count:", cnt)
}  
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
const int cNumMax = 10000000;
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    clock_t t1 = clock();
    int *nums = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * (cNumMax + 1));
    int i;
    for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++)
    {
        nums[i] = i;
    }
    int j;
    for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++)
    {
        j = 2;
        while (j * i < cNumMax + 1)
        {
            nums[j * i] = 0;
            j++;
        }
    }
    int cnt = 0;
    for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++)
    {
        if (nums[i] != 0)
        {
            cnt++;
        }
    }
    free(nums);
    clock_t t2 = clock();
    printf("Time: %dms; Count: %d\n", t2 - t1, cnt);
} 
Delphi:
program PrimeSieve;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;
const
  cNumMax = 10000000;
var
  T1, T2: Double;
  I, J  : Integer;
  Cnt   : Integer;
  Nums  : array of Integer;
begin
  T1 := Now;
  SetLength(Nums, cNumMax + 1);
  for I := 2 to cNumMax do
    Nums[I] := I;
  for I := 2 to cNumMax do
  begin
    J := 2;
    while J * I < cNumMax + 1 do
    begin
      Nums[J * I] := 0;
      Inc(J);
    end;
  end;
  Cnt := 0;
  for I := 2 to cNumMax do
  begin
    if Nums[I] <> 0 then
      Inc(Cnt);
  end;
  SetLength(Nums, 0);
  T2 := Now;
  Writeln(Format('Cnt = %d; Time = %d', [Cnt, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]));
  Readln;
end.  
同样分别执行 10 次,结果如下。
Golang:959 957 959 953 961 951 948 956 956 956,平均:955.6;
C++ :965 965 967 953 961 964 963 960 956 956,平均:961;
Delphi : 973 976 973 982 981 970 977 979 971 977,平均:975.9;
仍然,Golang 看上去最快,而 Delphi 则很正常地居末。
所以我忍不住想要来一个能展现 Delphi 优点的例子,这个例子几乎毫无疑问,和字符串操作(及内存管理器)相关,所以有如下字符串串接的示例(其中涉及到了譬如 IntToStr / itoa 这样的函数调用,我自己实现了个 C++ 版的 IntToStr)。
Golang:
package main
import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
	"time"
)
const cNumMax = 1000000
// bytes.Buffer(7.2.6)
func testViaBuffer() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	for i := 0; i < cNumMax; i++ {
		buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(i))
	}
	return buf.String()
}
// +=
func testViaNormal() string {
	var ret string
	for i := 0; i < cNumMax; i++ {
		ret += strconv.Itoa(i)
	}
	return ret
}
func main() {
	fmt.Println("Test via bytes.Buffer...")
	t1 := time.Now()
	s := testViaBuffer()
	t2 := time.Now()
	fmt.Printf("Result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms\n", s[2000:2005], len(s), t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
	/*
		fmt.Println("Test via normal way...")
		t1 = time.Now()
		s = testViaNormal()
		t2 = time.Now()
		fmt.Printf("Result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms\n", s[2000:2005], len(s), t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
	*/
}  
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <time.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int cNumMax = 1000000;
wstring FormatV(const wchar_t* pwcFormat, va_list argList)
{
    wstring ws;
    int nLen = _vscwprintf(pwcFormat, argList);
    if (nLen > 0)
    {
        ws.resize(nLen);
        vswprintf_s(&ws[0], nLen + 1, pwcFormat, argList);
    }
    return ws;
}
wstring __cdecl Format(const wchar_t* pwcFormat, ...)
{
    va_list argList;
    va_start(argList, pwcFormat);
    wstring ws = FormatV(pwcFormat, argList);    
    va_end(argList);
    return ws;
}
string FormatVA(const char* pcFormat, va_list argList)
{
    string s;
    int nLen = _vscprintf(pcFormat, argList);
    if (nLen > 0)
    {
        s.resize(nLen);
        vsprintf_s(&s[0], nLen + 1, pcFormat, argList);
    }
    return s;
}
string __cdecl FormatA(const char* pcFormat, ...)
{
    va_list argList;
    va_start(argList, pcFormat);
    string s = FormatVA(pcFormat, argList);
    va_end(argList);
    return s;
}
wstring IntToStr(int nValue)
{
    return Format(L"%d", nValue);
}
string IntToStrA(int nValue)
{
    return FormatA("%d", nValue);
}
wstring testW()
{
    wstring ret = L"";
    for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++)
    {
        ret += IntToStr(i);
    }
    return ret;
}
string test()
{
    string ret = "";
    for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++)
    {
        ret += IntToStrA(i);
    }
    return ret;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    cout << "Starting test with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl;
    clock_t t1 = clock();
    string s = test();
    clock_t t2 = clock();   
    cout << "Result: " << s.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << s.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl;
    cout << endl;
    cout << "Starting test for WSTRING with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl;
    t1 = clock();
    wstring ws = testW();
    t2 = clock();   
    wcout << "Result: " << ws.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << ws.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl;
    return 0;
}  
Delphi:
program StrPerformanceTest;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;
const
  cNumMax = 1000000;
function TestViaStringBuilder: string;
var
  SB: TStringBuilder;
  I : Integer;
begin
  SB := TStringBuilder.Create;
  for I := 0 to cNumMax - 1 do
    SB.Append(IntToStr(I));
  Result := SB.ToString;
  FreeAndNil(SB);
end;
function TestViaNormal: string;
var
  I : Integer;
begin
  Result := '';
  for I := 0 to cNumMax - 1 do
    Result := Result + IntToStr(I);
end;
var
  T1: Double;
  T2: Double;
  S : string;
begin
  Writeln('Starting test with a loop num of ', cNumMax, '...');
  T1 := Now;
  S := TestViaStringBuilder;
  T2 := Now;
  Writeln(Format('Test via TStringBuilder result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms', [Copy(S, 2001, 5), Length(S), MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]));
  T1 := Now;
  S := TestViaNormal;
  T2 := Now;
  Writeln(Format('Test via normal-way(+=) result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms', [Copy(S, 2001, 5), Length(S), MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]));
  Readln;
end.
分别执行 10 次。悲剧的是,Golang 里的字符串 += 操作实在太慢了,我实在不想等下去,所以只给出了其官方推荐的使用 bytes.Buffer 的结果。而在这个例子中,Delphi 使用 TStringBuilder 并未显示出什么优化(FastMM 实在太强悍了!),所以我也只给出了普通的串接结果(AnsiString 和 string 都是 Delphi 的原生类型,有着类同的内存布局,效率上应没有什么差别,所以这里只测试了 string)。
Golang :141 148 134 119 133 123 145 127 122 132,平均:132.4;
C++(std::string) :384 400 384 385 389 391 389 384 390 383,平均:387.9;
C++(std::wstring) :519 521 522 521 519 522 518 519 518 518,平均:519.7;
Delphi(string) :41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 44 41,平均:41.3;
果然,Delphi 大幅领先,当然这主要归功于 FastMM,这个开源的 Pascal 家族的内存管理器实在太强大了!
当然这个测试对 C++ 并不公平,因为 Golang 的写法并非普通的串接,只是我不知道 STL 或 Boost 里有无类似 StringBuilder 这样的利器呢?
最后是个数据密集计算型的例子。
Golang:
package main
import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)
const cSize int = 30
type mymatrix [cSize][cSize]int
func mkmatrix(rows, cols int, mx *mymatrix) {
	rows--
	cols--
	count := 1
	for r := 0; r <= rows; r++ {
		for c := 0; c <= cols; c++ {
			mx[r][c] = count
			count++
		}
	}
}
func multmatrix(rows, cols int, m1, m2 *mymatrix, mm *mymatrix) {
	rows--
	cols--
	for i := 0; i <= rows; i++ {
		for j := 0; j <= cols; j++ {
			val := 0
			for k := 0; k <= cols; k++ {
				val += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
				mm[i][j] = val
			}
		}
	}
}
func main() {
	var m1, m2, mm mymatrix
	mkmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m1)
	mkmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m2)
	t0 := time.Now()
	for i := 0; i <= 100000; i++ {
		multmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m1, &m2, &mm)
	}
	t := time.Since(t0)
	fmt.Println(mm[0][0], mm[2][3], mm[3][2], mm[4][4], mm[29][29])
	fmt.Println("tick = ", t)
}  
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <time.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MATRIX_SIZE = 30;
int Matrix[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE];
void MakeMatrix(int rows, int cols, int mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE])
{
	rows--;
	cols--;
	int count = 1;
	for (int r = 0; r <= rows; r++)
	{
		for (int c = 0; c <= cols; c++)
		{
			mx[r][c] = count;
			count++;
		}
	}
}
void MatrixMult(int rows, int cols, const int m1[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], const int m2[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], int mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE])
{
	rows--;
	cols--;
	int val;
	for (int i = 0; i <= rows; i++)
	{
		for (int j = 0; j <= cols; j++)
		{
			val = 0;
			for (int k = 0; k <= cols; k++)
			{
				val += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j];
				mx[i][j] = val;
			}
		}
	}
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
	int num = 100000;
	int m1[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], m2[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE];
	MakeMatrix(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m1);
	MakeMatrix(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m2);
	clock_t t1 = clock();
	for (int i = 0; i <= num; i++)
	{
		MatrixMult(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m1, m2, mx);
	}
	clock_t t2 = clock();
	cout << mx[0][0] << " " << mx[2][3] << " " << mx[3][2] << " " << mx[4][4] << endl;
	cout << t2 - t1 << " ms" << endl;
	return 0;
}
Delphi:
program Project1;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;
const
  cSize = 30;
type
  TMatrix = array[0..cSize - 1, 0..cSize - 1] of Integer;
procedure MakeMatrix(Rows, Cols: Integer; var Mx: TMatrix);
var
  R, C, Count: Integer;
begin
  Dec(Rows);
  Dec(Cols);
  Count := 1;
  for R := 0 to Rows do
    for C := 0 to Cols do
    begin
      Mx[R, C] := Count;
      Inc(Count);
    end;
end;
procedure MatrixMult(Rows, Cols: Integer; const M1, M2: TMatrix; var Mx: TMatrix); inline;
var
  I, J, K, Val: Integer;
begin
  Dec(Rows);
  Dec(Cols);
  for I := 0 to Rows do
    for J := 0 to Cols do
    begin
      Val := 0;
      for K := 0 to Cols do
        Inc(Val, M1[I, K] * M2[K, J]);
      Mx[I, J] := Val;
    end;
end;
var
  Num, I    : Integer;
  M1, M2, Mx: TMatrix;
  T1, T2    : Double;
begin
  Num := 100000;
  MakeMatrix(cSize, cSize, M1);
  MakeMatrix(cSize, cSize, M2);
  T1 := Now;
  for I := 0 to Num do
    MatrixMult(cSize, cSize, M1, M2, Mx);
  T2 := Now;
  WriteLn(Mx[0, 0], ' ', Mx[2, 3], ' ', Mx[3, 2], ' ', Mx[4, 4], ' ', mx[29, 29]);
  WriteLn(' C = ', MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1), ' ms');
end.  
分别执行 10 次后结果如下。
Golang:8757 8790 8713 8748 8737 8744 8752 8752 8746 8754,平均:8749.3;
C++ :1723 1735 1714 1707 1713 1725 1708 1723 1720 1725,平均:1719.3;
Delphi :2384 2362 2359 2389 2362 2351 2340 2352 2356 2352,平均:2360.7;
在这样的密集运算例子里,Golang 的表现实在很差,Golang 的编译器优化还有很长的路。而 Delphi 则不出意外,不温不火,勉强也还算能接受吧。
至此,或许大致可以这样初步评断,Golang 在大部分应用场景下在效率方面是满足要求的,而若涉及到密集运算,当前比较好的方法应该是要通过 CGo 了。考虑到 Golang 强大的 goroutine 和 channel、丰富的标准库(譬如网络方面)、精简的语法和非常快速的编译速度(几乎媲美 Delphi),后端开发尝试下 Golang 应是比较可行的,而也确实有不少早已用 Golang 作后端开发的项目实例了。
注:关于 Golang 的语言语法及并发方面的特性,过段时间再浅叙。
经由 Colin 同学建议,测试字符串串接中使用的自实现版 IntToStr 效率不行,对 C++ 很不公平,于是我用回了 _itoa_s 和 _itow_s 这俩库函数,如下:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <time.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int cNumMax = 1000000;
wstring testW()
{
    wstring ret = L"";
    wchar_t ws[10];
    for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++)
    {
        _itow_s(i, ws, 10);
        ret += ws;
    }
    return ret;
}
string test()
{
    string ret = "";
    char s[10];
    for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++)
    {
        _itoa_s(i, s, 10);
        ret += s;
    }
    return ret;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    cout << "Starting test with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl;
    clock_t t1 = clock();
    string s = test();
    clock_t t2 = clock();   
    cout << "Result: " << s.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << s.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl;
    cout << endl;
    cout << "Starting test for WSTRING with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl;
    t1 = clock();
    wstring ws = testW();
    t2 = clock();   
    wcout << "Result: " << ws.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << ws.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl;
    return 0;
}
测试 10 次,效率果然大幅提升,平均大约分别是:std::string - 70ms、std::wstring - 75ms,相当快速!不过还是比 Delphi 慢了 40% 左右。
 
                    
                     
                    
                 
                    
                 
                
            
         
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浙公网安备 33010602011771号