- 面向对象的三大特征
- 封装
- 继承(重要)
- 多态
- 继承的属性查找顺序
- 单继承下的属性查找
- 多继承下的属性查找
- super()和mro()列表
- 多态与多态性(鸭子类型)
- 组合
- 面向对象的内置函数(魔术方法,魔法,__开头__的方法)
- 反射(掌握4个方法)
一、继承
1. 什么是继承?
# 继承就是新建类的一种方式,
# 新建的类我们称为子类或者叫派生类,
# 被继承的类我们称为父类或者基类
# 子类可以使用父类中的属性或者方法
2. 为什么要用继承?
类解决了对象与对象之间的代码冗余问题
继承解决的是类与类之间的代码冗余问题
3. 如何使用继承?
新式类:继承了object类的子子孙孙类都是新式类
经典类:没有继承了object类的子子孙孙类都是经典类
# 新式类和经典类只有在python2中区分
类的继承
# 以学生选课系统为例
# 父类,公共类
class People():
school = 'SH'
def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.gender = gender
# 学生类
class Student(People):
def __init__(self, name, age, gender, course=None):
if course is None:
course = []
People.__init__(self, name, age, gender)
self.courses = course
def choose_course(self, course):
self.courses.append(course)
print('%s 选课成功 %s' % (self.name, self.courses))
stu = Student('ly', 19, 'male')
# teacher类
class Teacher(People):
def __init__(self, name, age, gender, level):
self.level = level
People.__init__(self, name, age, gender)
def score(self, stu_obj, score):
stu_obj.score = score # 给学生打分
print('%s给%s打了%s分' % (self.name, stu_obj.name, score))
tea = Teacher('ly', 19, 'male', 10)
print(tea.name)
print(tea.level)
二、继承的属性查找顺序
单继承下属性查找
class Foo:
def f1(self):
print('Foo.f1')
def f2(self):
print('Foo.f2')
self.f1()
class Bar(Foo):
def f1(self):
print('Bar.f1')
obj = Bar() # {}
obj.f2()
"""
Foo.f2
Bar.f1
"""
# 练习
class Foo:
def __f1(self): # _Foo__f1()
print('Foo.f1')
def f2(self):
print('Foo.f2')
self.__f1() # _Foo__f1()
class Bar(Foo):
def __f1(self): # # _Bar__f1()
print('Bar.f1')
obj = Bar() # {}
obj.f2()
"""
Foo.f2
Foo.f1
"""

多继承下的属性查找
# 新式类:按照广度优先查询
# 经典类:按照深度优先查询
class A(object):
def test(self):
print('from A')
class B(A):
# def test(self):
# print('from B')
pass
class C(A):
# def test(self):
# print('from C')
pass
class D(B):
# def test(self):
# print('from D')
pass
class E(C):
# def test(self):
# print('from E')
pass
class F(D, E):
# def test(self):
# print('from F')
pass
f1 = F()
f1.test()
print(F.__mro__) #只有新式才有这个属性可以查看线性列表,经典类没有这个属性
# 新式类继承顺序:F->D->B->E->C->A
# 经典类继承顺序:F->D->B->A->E->C
# python3中统一都是新式类
# pyhon2中才分新式类与经典类


三、super()和mro列表
class People():
school = 'SH'
def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.gender = gender
class Teacher(People):
def __init__(self, name, age, gender, level):
self.level = level
super().__init__(name, age, gender) # super的使用
# mro列表练习1
class A:
def test(self):
print('from A.test')
super().test()
class B:
def test(self):
print('from B')
class C(A, B):
pass
c = C()
c.test()
# mro列表练习2
class B:
def test(self):
print('B---->test')
def aaa(self):
print('B---->aaa')
class A:
def test(self):
print('A---->test')
super().aaa()
class C(A, B):
def aaa(self):
print('C----->aaa')
c = A()
# c.test() # 打印结果:
print(A.mro())
四、多态与多态性(鸭子类型)
1. 什么是多态
水:液态水,固态水,气态水
动物:人,猪,狗,猫 ...
# 抽象类: 抽象类只能被继承,不能被实例化
class Animal(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
@abc.abstractmethod # 该方法已经是抽象方法了
def speak(self): pass
@abc.abstractmethod
def login(self):pass
class People(Animal):
def speak(self):
# print('嗷嗷嗷')
pass
def login(self):
pass
class Pig(Animal):
def speak(self):
print('哼哼哼')
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print('汪汪汪')
obj = People()
obj.speak()
# 多态练习
class Pig():
def speak(self):
print('哼哼哼')
class Dog():
def speak(self):
print('汪汪汪')
class Txt():
def speak(self):
print('Txt')
obj = People()
obj1 = Pig()
obj2 = Dog()
obj3 = Txt()
# 多态带来的特性:在不用考虑对象数据类型的情况下,直接调用对应的函数
def animal(animal):
return animal.speak()
animal(obj)
animal(obj1)
animal(obj2)
animal(obj3)
# 父类限制子类的行为
class Animal():
def speak(self):
raise Exception("必须实现speak方法")
五、组合
组合:就是一个对象拥有一个属性,该属性的值是另外一个对象
解决类与类之间的代码冗余问题
1.继承:满足什么是什么的关系,is-a的关系
2.组合:有的关系,eg:教授有生日,教授教python和linux课程,教授有学生s1、s2、s3...
class People():
school = 'SH'
def __init__(self, name, age, gender, ):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.gender = gender
class Course():
def __init__(self, name, period, price, ):
self.name = name
self.period = period
self.price = price
python = Course('python', '6mon', 10000)
linux = Course('linux', '5mon', 20000)
class Student(People):
def __init__(self, name, age, gender, course=None):
if course is None:
course = []
self.courses = course
super().__init__(name, age, gender, )
def choose_course(self, stu_obj, course):
stu_obj.courses.append(course)
stu = Student('ly', 20, 'male')
stu.courses.append(python)
stu.courses.append(linux)
# [python, linux]
for course in stu.courses:
print(course)
'''
对象内存地址
<__main__.Course object at 0x00000211C6A5D908>
<__main__.Course object at 0x00000211C6A5D860>
'''
for course in stu.courses:
print(course.price)
'''
10000
20000
'''
六、面向对象的内置函数
1. __init__()
2. __str__()
3. __del__()
4. __enter__()
5. __exit__()
6. __call__()
class Student():
school = 'SH'
# 调用类的时候触发
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def tell(self):
print('name: %s, age: %s' % (self.name, self.age))
# 打印对象的时候,自动触发的函数
# 返回值只能是字符串
def __str__(self):
# return 'name:%s' % self.name # name:ly print(stu)结果
return 123 # TypeError: __str__ returned non-string (type int)
# 1. 手动执行del
# 2. 程序执行完毕触发
def __del__(self):
print('__del__')
'''
<__main__.Student object at 0x0000023DBF22E240>
__del__
'''
# 对象加括号自动触发
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print('__call__')
stu = Student('ly', 20)
七、反射(掌握4个方法)
# 对象通过字符串来操作属性
1. getattr 查
print(getattr(stu, 'name1', None)) # stu.name
stu.func()
print(getattr(stu, 'func'))
getattr(stu, 'func')() # 必须掌握
2. setattr 改
setattr(stu, 'x', 123)
print(stu.__dict__)
3. hasattr 判断
print(hasattr(stu, 'name'))
4. delattr 删
delattr(stu, 'name')
print(stu.__dict__)
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