C#编程笔记(一)
前段时间,帮朋友用C#做了一个小玩意儿,在开发过程中,发现很多用的着的东西,在网上都没有很好的解决方案,前前后后折腾了近一个月,总算是基本上完成了,在此整理下,权作以后再用到时复习之用。
这个东西有点像星座性格测试那种的,只不过是要C/S的,安装到客户端上,所以做起来限制比较多。首先要有数据录入的功能,提供界面,用户要能向其中录入数据,比如星座测试一条一条的题目;然后要对每个题目,提出相应的反馈、建议;最后,录入完成了,用户还要能够有个界面对指定的数据库进行增删改查:前面是录入的功能。在用户性格测试的时候,要有窗口完成答题,并在提交后,查看测试的结果,有打分,有整体评价,并且对于那些答得不合适的,还有一些建议。
接下来,我会按不同的模块,说一说我是怎么做的。
(1)数据的存储
由于没有数据库管理系统的支持,我选择XML来保存数据。所以,这一模块就是基本的XML的创建、添加、删除。
(1.1)XML文件的新建
我做的这个玩意儿,用的XML的数据格式比较固定,所以,新建XML文件的时候,大的结构就写死了,不希望,也不会发生改变:
2 this._xDoc = new XmlDocument();
3 this._xDoc.LoadXml(
4 "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"gb2312\" ?>" +
5 "<root>"+
6 "<Principles>" +
7 "</Principles>"+
8 "<Results>"+
9 "</Results>"+
10 "</root>"
11 );
12 try
13 {
14 this._xDoc.Save(fileName);
15 }
16 catch (Exception ex)
17 {
18 MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
19 }
(1.2)向XML文件中的指定位置添加节点
这里要说的是,我要添加的节点的数据结构是<ID,Content,Suggestion>。再者,添加节点的时候,用在树上直接找的办法,比较笨,用xPath会好很多,可惜时间紧没学明白……
2 {
3 XmlNode Term = this._xDoc.CreateNode(XmlNodeType.Element, "Term", "");
4
5 XmlElement ID = this._xDoc.CreateElement("ID");
6 ID.InnerText = id;
7 Term.AppendChild(ID);
8
9 XmlElement Content = this._xDoc.CreateElement("Content");
10 Content.InnerText = content;
11 Term.AppendChild(Content);
12
13 XmlElement Suggestion = this._xDoc.CreateElement("Suggestion");
14 Suggestion.InnerText = suggestion;
15 Term.AppendChild(Suggestion);
16
17 this._xDoc.ChildNodes.Item(1).ChildNodes.Item(0).AppendChild(Term);
18
19 try
20 {
21 this._xDoc.Save(this._fileName);
22 }
23 catch (Exception ex)
24 {
25 MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
26 }
27 }
(1.3)从XML文件中删除指定的节点
在应用中,我是在ListView中把XML的数据打出来,通过勾选CheckBox选定删除的对象。
2 {
3 XmlDocument xDoc = new XmlDocument();
4 xDoc.Load(this._fileName);
5 foreach (ListViewItem lItem in Listview1.Items)
6 {
7 if (lItem.Checked == true)
8 {
9 //int index = Convert.ToInt32(lItem.SubItems[1].Text, 10);
10 foreach (XmlNode xNode in xDoc.ChildNodes.Item(1).ChildNodes.Item(0).ChildNodes)
11 {
12 if (String.Compare(xNode.ChildNodes[0].InnerText, lItem.SubItems[1].Text) == 0)
13 {
14 xDoc.ChildNodes.Item(1).ChildNodes.Item(0).RemoveChild(xNode);
15 }
16 }
17 Listview1.Items.Remove(lItem);
18 }
19 }
20 xDoc.Save(this._fileName);
21 Re_Load();
22 }
(2)动态界面生成
这个算是我在第一阶段遇到的最大的一个问题。作为一个C#的菜鸟,习惯了拖拖拽拽弄出一个窗口界面,当被要求根据用户输入,动态生成界面的时候,直接歇菜了……
在网上找了很多,可惜很多都不适用,忘记后来是在哪里找到的答案,向那位记不起名儿的童鞋致敬了。
是这样的,所谓的动态生成,就是把原来在Form.Designer.cs中代码,搬到你自己的代码中去。比如,你原来在Form.Designer.cs中有这样的代码
2 // button1
3 //
4 this.button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(57, 97);
5 this.button1.Name = "button1";
6 this.button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
7 this.button1.TabIndex = 0;
8 this.button1.Text = "button1";
9 this.button1.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
你可以写到你自定义的Button2的Click事件中,这样,在你点击Button2后,就会在窗口上新加一个Button1出来
2 {
3 //
4 // button1
5 //
6 this.button1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(57, 97);
7 this.button1.Name = "button1";
8 this.button1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
9 this.button1.TabIndex = 0;
10 this.button1.Text = "button1";
11 this.button1.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
12 this.Controls.Add(this.button1);
13 this.ResumeLayout(false);
14 }
(2.1)说一说我自己做的那个东西,我设计如下:在Form中先放好一个大Panel,然后,根据用户输入,动态加入指定个数的组件Component。在每个Component里面,包含一个GroupBox,三个Label,三个TextBox,还有一些坐标的参数。
要说一下,窃以为,动态加入组件,最麻烦的就是算坐标。那么多的东西,你需要事先把每个组件的坐标位置和大小都算好了,然后,你才可以保证你按下“添加”之后,你的组件能按照你想要的方式,呈现在窗口上。所以我对应每一条要添加的数据项,构造了上面的一个Component,然后给每个Component设置索引值,只要得到索引值,那么,这个Component的位置也就确定了。
比较欣慰的是,这个组件的坐标是按相对位置计算的:你设置GroupBox的坐标时,你只要算好你在Panel中的位置就可以了,你不用管Panel在Form的哪里。同样,你的Label,TextBox只要算好在一个200*50的GroupBox中的位置就可以了,剩下的你就不用管了。或许是以前没有注意过这个问题,反正我觉得这一性质在我做的过程中,省了不少的事儿。
这就完了么?No,还有一个我开始都没注意到的问题:最大化。对,你算的坐标是死的,当用户点击“最大化”按钮后,你的界面就会面目全非,所以,这里又要加入一个新的东西:TableLayoutPanel。Yes,需要把前面的那些写死的坐标,都放到这个TableLayoutPanel里面来,设置好每个组件的位置,这样,在“最大化”之后,依然能够保持良好的布局。
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace app01_Generate
{
class Component
{
#region 成员变量定义
public static int OFFSET = 3;
public static int HEIGHT = 98;
private int _weight;
private int _index;
private GroupBox _gb;
private Label _lb1, _lb2, _lb3;
private TextBox _tb1, _tb2, _tb3;
private TableLayoutPanel _tlp;
#endregion
public Component(int index,int weight)
{
this._index = index;
this._weight = weight;
this._gb = new GroupBox();
this._gb.Location = new Point(3, OFFSET + this._index * HEIGHT);
this._gb.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(this._weight, 92);
this._gb.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)(((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._tlp = new TableLayoutPanel();
this._tlp.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._tlp.ColumnCount = 25;
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.ColumnStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.ColumnStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 4F));
this._tlp.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(6, 20);
this._tlp.Name = "_tlp";
this._tlp.RowCount = 1;
this._tlp.RowStyles.Add(new System.Windows.Forms.RowStyle(System.Windows.Forms.SizeType.Percent, 100F));
this._tlp.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(this._weight - 12, 66);
this._lb1 = new Label();
this._lb1.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)(( System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._lb1.AutoSize = true;
this._tlp.SetColumnSpan(this._lb1, 2);
this._lb1.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("微软雅黑", 10.5F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(134)));
this._lb1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point((int)((this._weight - 12) * 8 / 741), 0);
this._lb1.Name = "_lb1";
this._lb1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(47, 19);
this._lb1.Text = "ID";
this._lb2 = new Label();
this._lb2.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)(( System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._lb2.AutoSize = true;
this._tlp.SetColumnSpan(this._lb2, 2);
this._lb2.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("微软雅黑", 10.5F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(134)));
this._lb2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point((int)((this._weight - 12) * 124 / 741), 0);
this._lb2.Name = "_lb2";
this._lb2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(47, 38);
this._lb2.Text = "Content";
this._lb3 = new Label();
this._lb3.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)(( System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._lb3.AutoSize = true;
this._tlp.SetColumnSpan(this._lb3, 2);
this._lb3.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("微软雅黑", 10.5F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(134)));
this._lb3.Location = new System.Drawing.Point((int)((this._weight - 12) * 501 / 741), 0);
this._lb3.Name = "_lb3";
this._lb3.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(47, 38);
this._lb3.Text = "Suggestion";
this._tb1 = new TextBox();
this._tb1.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((( System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._tlp.SetColumnSpan(this._tb1, 2);
this._tb1.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("仿宋", 10.5F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(134)));
this._tb1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point((int)((this._weight - 12) * 61 / 741), 3);
this._tb1.Name = "_tb1";
this._tb1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(52, 29);
this._tb2 = new TextBox();
this._tb2.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((( System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._tlp.SetColumnSpan(this._tb2, 11);
this._tb2.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("仿宋", 10.5F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(134)));
this._tb2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point((int)((this._weight - 12) * 177 / 741), 3);
this._tb2.Multiline = true;
this._tb2.Name = "_tb2";
this._tb2.ScrollBars = System.Windows.Forms.ScrollBars.Vertical;
this._tb2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(313, 48);
this._tb3 = new TextBox();
this._tb3.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((( System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this._tlp.SetColumnSpan(this._tb3, 6);
this._tb3.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("仿宋", 10.5F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(134)));
this._tb3.Location = new System.Drawing.Point((int)((this._weight - 12) * 554 / 741), 3);
this._tb3.Multiline = true;
this._tb3.Name = "_tb3";
this._tb3.ScrollBars = System.Windows.Forms.ScrollBars.Vertical;
this._tb3.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(184, 48);
this._tlp.Controls.Add(this._lb1, 0, 0);
this._tlp.Controls.Add(this._tb1, 2, 0);
this._tlp.Controls.Add(this._lb2, 4, 0);
this._tlp.Controls.Add(this._lb3, 17, 0);
this._tlp.Controls.Add(this._tb3, 19, 0);
this._tlp.Controls.Add(this._tb2, 6, 0);
this._gb.Controls.Add(this._tlp);
}
public void addToPanel(ref Panel pnl)
{
pnl.Controls.Add(this._gb);
}
public void Clear()
{
this._tb1.Clear();
this._tb2.Clear();
this._tb3.Clear();
}
public string getID()
{
return this._tb1.Text.Trim();
}
public string getContent()
{
return this._tb2.Text.Trim();
}
public string getSuggestion()
{
return this._tb3.Text.Trim();
}
public bool Check()
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(this._tb1.Text.Trim()) == false ||
string.IsNullOrEmpty(this._tb2.Text.Trim()) == false ||
string.IsNullOrEmpty(this._tb3.Text.Trim()) == false
)
return false;
else
return true;
}
public void Refresh(string id, string content, string suggestion)
{
this._tb1.Text = id;
this._tb2.Text = content;
this._tb3.Text = suggestion;
}
}
}
(3)ListView的使用
不得不说,ListView真是个不错的东西,在显示数据和处理的时候,非常的简单实用。
(3.1)ListView显示XML数据
原理很简单,就是把XML中每个节点,填充到ListView的SubItem上。
2 {
3 this.Listview1.Columns.Clear();
4 this.Listview1.Items.Clear();
5 this.Listview1.Columns.Add(" ", 20, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
6 this.Listview1.Columns.Add("ID", 80, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
7 this.Listview1.Columns.Add("Content", (int)((this.Listview1.Width - 80) * 0.5), HorizontalAlignment.Left);
8 this.Listview1.Columns.Add("Suggestion", (int)((this.Listview1.Width - 80) * 0.3), HorizontalAlignment.Left);
9 this.Listview1.ListViewItemSorter = new ListViewItemComparer(1);
10
11 ListViewItem myItem = null;
12 XmlDocument xDoc = new XmlDocument();
13 xDoc.Load(this._fileName);
14 XmlNode root = xDoc.ChildNodes.Item(1).ChildNodes.Item(0);
15
16 foreach (XmlNode xNode in root.ChildNodes)
17 {
18 myItem = new ListViewItem();
19 //myItem.SubItems.Add("");
20 myItem.SubItems.Add(xNode.ChildNodes[0].InnerText);
21 myItem.SubItems.Add(xNode.ChildNodes[1].InnerText);
22 myItem.SubItems.Add(xNode.ChildNodes[2].InnerText);
23 Listview1.Items.Add(myItem);
24 }
25
26 }
(3.2)ListView的排序
注意到,上面设置了ListView的排序规则"this.Listview1.ListViewItemSorter = new ListViewItemComparer(1);",意思是:用ListViewItemComparer的一个对象,按ListView的第一列数据进行排序,就是按照ID进行排序。我是这儿考虑的,在XML文件里面,你对子节点按照ID进行排序,又麻烦,而且意义不是很大,干脆在呈现数据的时候,排一次序,这样看起来就非常齐整,不会因为用户的增加删除而乱序。
2 {
3 private int col;
4 public ListViewItemComparer()
5 {
6 col = 0;
7 }
8 public ListViewItemComparer(int column)
9 {
10 col = column;
11 }
12 public int Compare(object x, object y)
13 {
14 return Convert.ToInt32(((ListViewItem)x).SubItems[col].Text,10) - Convert.ToInt32(((ListViewItem)y).SubItems[col].Text,10);
15 }
16 }
(3.3)ListView的删除
发现了ListView.CheckBoxes这个属性,设置为true之后,在每条数据的前面加上了一个CheckBox,实用这个东西还完成数据项的删除,同时映射后ListView绑定的XML文件数据删除。
2 xDoc.Load(this._fileName);
3 foreach (ListViewItem lItem in Listview1.Items)
4 {
5 if (lItem.Checked == true)
6 {
7 //int index = Convert.ToInt32(lItem.SubItems[1].Text, 10);
8 foreach (XmlNode xNode in xDoc.ChildNodes.Item(1).ChildNodes.Item(0).ChildNodes)
9 {
10 if (String.Compare(xNode.ChildNodes[0].InnerText, lItem.SubItems[1].Text) == 0)
11 {
12 xDoc.ChildNodes.Item(1).ChildNodes.Item(0).RemoveChild(xNode);
13 }
14 }
15 Listview1.Items.Remove(lItem);
16 }
17 }
18 xDoc.Save(this._fileName);
19 Re_Load();
可能,这些操作用DataGridView比较好,不过,时间有点急,DataGridView的东西有比较多,实在是没能吃下,用了下,比较吃力,还是暂时放弃了。
(待续)