WinPcap文档翻译之《Filtering expression syntax》
这是我们团队做涉及到sniffer模块的项目时我翻译的WinPcap文档，希望对大家有用.此篇是winpcap bpf filter，涉及winpcap是如何用表达式实现过滤机制的.
以下内容是我们团队做涉及到sniffer模块的项目时我翻译的WinPcap文档，希望对大家有用.
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WinPcap BPF过滤规则
[WinPcap 用户手册]
注释：此文档是在 TcpDump（ps：知名嗅探工具）上的文档基础上改写而成，源文档可以在www.tcpdump.org上找到（ps：http://www.tcpdump.org/tcpdump_man.html）
Wpcap过滤器是基于描述性而制定的语法规则，过滤规则是一个包含过滤表达式的ASCII码字符串，此规则表达式在程序中作为pcap_compile()函数的参数被编译，并用于内核级的包过滤机制使用.（ps：表达式的形成后面会讲到，个人感觉表达式应该是由各种过滤关键字形成的）
此表达式决定哪种包将被捕获（ps：dumped？感觉逆着翻译更好些），如果表达式为空，所有网卡捕获到的数据包都会提交给内核过滤引擎，否则，只有满足表达式中关键字的数据包才会
表达式是由一个或者多个原语（ps：原语也太专业了，个人感觉：翻译成关键字或者基本类型）组成，而关键字通常是被一个或多个修饰词修饰的标识符（名称或序号）（ps：id貌似是数据包头里的各种类型，参考ip_header数据结构即可明白），下面是三种不同类型的修饰词：
type
此类修饰词决定哪种类型的标识符被引用，常用的修饰词有host, net and port. 例如, `host foo', `net 128.3', `port 20'.在没有此类修饰符的情况下，默认使用host.(ps：foo这个词很有意思，参加RFC3092..嘿嘿)
dir
此修饰符类型从标识符指定了一个详尽的数据传输方向(使用and和or)，常用的方向指示修饰符有src, dst, src or dst and src and dst.等.例如， `src
foo', `dst net 128.3', `src or dst port ftp-data'.在没有指定此类修饰符时，默认使用src or dst.如果没有链路层（像slip这种点对点类型协议）可以使用inbound 和 outbound来具体描述一方向.
proto
此类修饰符的作用是过滤指定协议数据包，常见的协议有：ether,fddi,tr,ip,ip6,arp,rarp,decent,tcp and udp,例如， `ether src foo', `arp
net 128.3', `tcp port 21'.如果没有指定协议类型修饰符，默认为使用所有与标识符匹配的协议. src foo' 等价于 `(ip or arp or rarp) src foo' (除非src不合法), `net bar'等价于 `(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' ，`port 53' 等价于 `(tcp or udp) port 53'.
[‘fddi' 实际上只是`ether'的一个别名，解析器都把它们理解为“数据链路层运行在详尽的网路接口上” FDDI 数据头包含了源和目的以太网地址，而且很可能包含以太网数据类型（ps：看下ether_header数据结构就晓得了），所以FDDI和Ethernet数据结构是可以相互转换的，FDDI头还包含其它信息，可惜现有的过滤表达式无法清楚的描述出它们.
同上, `tr' 也是`ether'的别名，上段关于FDDI头信息的声明同样适用于令牌网数据头.]
除了以上内容，还有一些特殊类型关键字不符合以上修饰：饰gateway, broadcast, less, greater 和算术表达式，下面来详细讨论：
我们使用 and, or 和not 连接这些基本类型来实现强大的混合多功能表达式，例如，`host foo and not port ftp and not port ftp-data'.为减少输入，同一修饰符可以省略.例如，`tcp dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain' 完全等价于 `tcp dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain'.
可允许的基本类型（原语）有：
dst host host
当IPv4/v6数据包的destination域是一个host类型（地址、名称都可）时成立.(ps:destination域其实就是数据报头的结构体里的一个变量)
src host host
当IPv4/v6数据包的source域是一个host类型（地址、名称都可）时成立.
host host
当IPv4/v6数据包的source域或者destination域是一个host类型（地址、名称都可）时成立.以上三种关于host的表达式都可以被 ip, arp, rarp, 或者 ip6这些前缀关键字修饰，例如：
ip host host
等价于
ether proto \ip and
host host
如果host是一个包含多IP的名称，每一个IP地址都会做一次匹配检查.
ether dst ehost
如果目标以太网地址是ehost类型是成立，Ehost可以是一个从/etc/ethers得到的名称，或者是一个数字（标识）（参见 ethers（3N）数字格式化）（ps：貌似是类似dword类型的IP通过格式化就得到正常IP类型那个意思）
ether src ehost
当源以太网卡地址是ehost类型时成立.
ether host ehost
当目标以太网卡地址是ehost类型时成立.
gateway host
当数据包的host域为网关地址时成立，例如，以太网源地址或者目标地址是host类型，但是源IP和目标IP却不是（不同时是）host类型（ps：我汗，初中学过的neither nor的翻译，我记不清了！悔不该当初啊..），Host必须是一个名称，而且必须在host-IP映射关系途径（host镜像文件，DNS,NIS，等）和Host-Ethernet关系途径（/etc/ethers等）定义过，（一个等价表达式：
ether host ehost and not host host
其中的host或者ehost可以是名称和标识号）目前这种语法在IPv6安装的情况下不可用.
dst net net
当数据包的IPv4/6目标地址是一个固定静态IP时成立，Net 既可以是一个来自/etc/networks的名称，也可以是一个网络地址号（详见 network（4））;
src net net
当数据包的IPv4/6源地址是一个固定静态IP时成立.
net net
当数据包的IPv4/6源地址或者目标地址是一个固定静态IP时成立.
(ps:net是嘛玩意，清楚的告诉我..我就先当固定静态IP翻译了..)
net net mask netmask
当IP地址经过指定的网络掩码处理后与Net匹配时成立，可以用src 和 dst 修饰词进行限制，需要注意的是：此语法在IPv6网络环境下不可用.
net net/len
当IPv4/6地址经过网络掩码长度字节宽度（瞎翻的，据Ferris
Xu的翻译是：掩码那个DWORD里的连续为1的长度）与 net 匹配处理匹配时成立，可以使用src 或者 dst修饰词修饰。
dst port port
当数据包是tcp或者udp类型，并且目标端口相匹配时成立，这个端口可以是一个数字也可以是一个/etc/servces里定义协议服务名，（详见 tcp（4p） 和 udp（4p）），如果使用的是名称，则端口的号码和协议都要进行匹配检查，如果是使用端口号或者是一个不明确的协议名称，则仅仅对数字进行匹配（例如，dst port 513将得到tcp/login的数据流和udp/who 的数据流，port domain将得到tcp/udp的domain协议数据流）.
src port port
当数据包的源端口与指定端口匹配时成立.
port port
当数据包的源端口或者目的端口与指定端口匹配时成立.以上关于端口的表达式都可以被tcp 和 udp作为前缀修饰符修饰（ps：后面会提到tcp和udp即是修饰符又是关键字，我怎么觉着应该是修饰呢..），例如：
tcp src port port
此式只有在tcp协议包的源端口与指定的端口匹配时成立.
less length
当数据包的长度小于或等于指定长度时成立，如下式：
len <= length.
greater length
当数据包的长度大于或等于指定长度时成立，如下式：
len >= length.
ip proto protocol
当数据包是一个属于IP类型协议的数据包（详见ip（4p））时成立（不被过滤掉），Protocol 可以是一个标识号，也可以是以下协议名称中的一种：
icmp, icmp6, igmp, igrp, pim, ah, esp, vrrp, udp, or tcp.
需要注意的是，tcp，udp，icmp这些标识符同时也是关键字，所以必须当转义字符处理，类似C风格的\\，还有要注意的是:此原语不捕获协议头链
ip6 proto protocol
当数据包是一个属于IPv6类型的协议的数据包时成立.注意这个原语是不能捕获协议报头链的
ip6 protochain protocol
当数据包为IPv6类型，并且协议头链里包含协议类型域时成立，例如，
ip6 protochain 6
匹配所有协议头链里是TCP协议头的IPv6协议数据包，这个数据包可能包含例如：头确认，路由头，或者点对点头，Tcpdump在处理IPv6报头和TCP报头时，由于原语是很复杂的，所以很难被BPF代码所有效的处理，最终导致了使用此规则表达式使Tcpdump可能出现性能问题..
ip protochain protocol
与上面的ip6 protochain protocol功能一致，但是作用在IPv4情况下.
ether broadcast
当数据包为以太网广播报文时成立，关键字 ether 是可选择的.
ip broadcast
当数据包是一个IP广播报文时成立.它检查所有的全0或者全1的广播模式，然后再寻找本地子网掩码.
ether multicast
当数据包为以太网多播报文时成立.其中关键字 ether 是可选择的，算是对`ether[0] & 1 != 0' 这种形式的简写和助记.
ip multicast
当数据包是IP多播报文时成立.
ip6 multicast
当数据包是一个IPv6广播报文时成立.
ether proto protocol
当数据包属于以太网协议类型时成立. Protocol 可以是一个数字也可是 ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, sca, lat, mopdl, moprc, iso, stp, ipx, ornetbeui 这些协议名称中的一种,注意这些标识符也属于关键字，所以必须通过转义字符(\)的处理.
[对于FDDI(例如，`fddi protocol arp')和令牌网（例如，`tr protocol arp')，对于大多数此种协议，这种协议标识符来自比FDDI和令牌类型网络更高层的802.2 LLC层（逻辑链路层）
当过滤FDDI网络或者令牌网的协议的时候，Tcpdump 只检查用0x000000的OUI格式处理（被称为SNAP格式化）LLC头的protocol ID域，而对于以太网，Tcpdump则没有检查此域.
当然，存在一些特殊情况：
iso协议检查LLC头的DSAP(目标服务接入点)域和SSAP（源服务接入点）域，stp和netbeui协议则检查LLC头的DSAP（目标服务接入点）域，还有atalk协议，它会检查用0x080007进行OUI处理的SNAP格式数据包（包括Appletalk类型）.
对于以太网类型，tcpdump检查大部分协议的以太网类型域，以下协议存在特殊性：
iso，sap，netbeui先作一个802.3框架协议的匹配，然后就和FDDI和令牌网下的情形一样检查LLC头信息，对于atalk协议，它将进行以太网下的Appletalk协议匹配和FDDI、令牌网下的SNAP格式数据包匹配双重检查，aarp协议则是进行以太网类型和用0x000000进行OUI处理的802.2 SNAP类型的双重检查，还有ipx协议，它要进行很多地方的匹配检查：以太网类型的IPX类型匹配，LLC头信息的IPX协议的DSAP（目标服务接入点）匹配，802.3下没有被LLC头信息封装的IPX检查，和SNAP格式的IPX类型检查.]
decnet src host
当DECNET源地址为host类型时成立（ps：DECNET为一种协议类型），其中host可以是“10.123”这种格式的地址，或者是一个DECNET host名称.[DECNET host名称只在已经配置并运行DECNET的Ultrix系统上可用.]
decnet dst host
当DECNET协议的目标地址是host类型时成立.
decnet host host
当DECNET的源地址或者目标地址是host类型时成立.
ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, iso, stp, ipx, netbeui
原型是：
ether proto p
其中 p 是上面11种协议中的任一种.
lat, moprc, mopdl
原型是：
ether proto p
其中p指代以上三种协议中的任一种，但是需要注意的是tcpdump目前并不能准确的区分这些协议类型.
vlan [vlan_id]
当数据包是一个IEEE 802.1Q VLAN类型的协议包时成立，如果指定了[vlan_id],则当数据包也包含此指定vlan_id时才成立，注意在假设这个包是VLAN类型的时候，第一个vlan关键字遇到不能解析的表达式位置时将改变编码偏移直接解析表达式的剩余部分.
tcp, udp, icmp
原型：
ip proto p or
ip6 proto p
其中p是tcp，udp，icmp中的任一种.
iso proto protocol
当数据包是符合OSI数据包协议类型时成立.其中Protocol可以是一个数字或者是clnp，esis，或者isis三种类型中的一种.
clnp, esis, isis
原型:
iso proto p
其中p是以上协议中的任一种，需要注意的是tcpdump还没有完全的搞定这些协议的解析工作.
expr relop expr
当表达式的关系运算正确时成立，其中 relop 是下面运算符之一：
>, <, >=, <=, =, !=
expr是一个算术表达式（使用标C语法即可），可以使用正整数、常规的位运算符[+, -, *, /,
&, |]、长度运算符（ps：len）、和特殊的数据位置（指包信息里的某个位），如果想得到数据包里的某个数据,可以使用如下语法：
proto [ expr : size ]
Proto 是 ether, fddi, tr, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp,ip6 中的任一种，用来明确这些索引操作所处的协议级别.注意 tcp，udp和其它一些上层协议类型之提供了IPv4版本，不包含IPv6（这个我们会在以后解决）（ps：需不需要我的帮忙？嘿嘿..）
字节偏移，当确定了协议级别后，这个偏移就来自expr.Size属性是可以选择的，根据你的兴趣（用途）来确定.它的取值可以是1，2，4，默认为1.还有那个长度操作符，是使用len关键字定义的，用来提供数据包长度限制.
例如，`ether[0] &
1 != 0'此表达式可以获得所有的多播数据流，`ip[0] &
0xf != 5'则抓取所有可选择的IP包. `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff = 0'只抓取整个从源到目的的包，或者全0处理（参考Ferris Xu的翻译，应为：段偏移量是0）的源到端（src2dst）的包.这个检查其实是默认的应用在了tcp和udp索引操作上，例如，tcp[0]一般代表TCP头的第一个字节，绝不会代表一个间接传输（非src-dst）的碎片数据包的第一个字节.
一些偏移后得到的域数值可以用名称表示而不是仅仅只可以用数字.下面一些协议头的域偏移是可行的：
icmptype (ICMP类型域),icmpcode (ICMP编码域), and tcpflags (TCP标志域).
下面是一些可用的ICMP类型域:
icmp-echoreply, icmp-unreach, icmp-sourcequench, icmp-redirect, icmp-echo, icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routersolicit, icmp-timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-tstampreply, icmp-ireq, icmp-ireqreply, icmp-maskreq, icmp-maskreply.
(ps:具体指的是那个偏移位置，以及如何使用..大家自己测试即可.反正我不清楚..)
下面是一些可用的TCP标志域:
tcp-fin, tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-push, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.
(ps:这个大家相对熟悉些了吧，这些标志《TCP/IP详解》里都有解释)
原语（基本类型）可以用按以下格式组合：
原语加上括号或者用使用运算符（圆括号对于表达式来说是敏感的，所以必须避免（转义））.
非(`!' or `not').
与 (`&&'
or `and').
或 (`||' or `or').
非操作具有最高优先级，与操作和或操作则是相同级别且符合从左到右优先级关系，注意当一个明显的and使用时，不是用来合并，而是用来连接一系列的原语.
如果标识符前没有使用关键字，则假设其关键字为最近的那个(就近原则).例如,
not host vs and ace
原型:(谁是谁的缩写)
not host vs and host ace
千万表理解成下面这种：
not ( host vs or ace )
(ps:上面这段根本就是C风格，学过C的都晓得撒)
关于过滤表达式的参数：可以以单独的参数或者是多个参数的方式传给
tcpdump，方便优先，一般的，如果表达式包含转义特征，按单一参数比较简单些，关于参数，多个参数在被解析前会先用空格给合并起来.
documentation. Copyright (c) 2002-2005 Politecnico di Torino. Copyright
(c) 2005-2007 CACE Technologies. All rights reserved.
Translated by weety（MSN:0x0o@Live.Cn），仅作为LanStat项目研究所用.
Filtering expression syntax
[WinPcap user's manual]
Note: this document has been drawn from the tcpdump man page. The original
version can be found at www.tcpdump.org.
wpcap filters are based on a declarative predicate syntax. A filter is an
ASCII string containing a filtering expression. pcap_compile() takes the expression
and translates it in a program for the kernel-level packet filter.
The expression
selects which packets will be dumped. If no expression is given, all packets on
the net will be accepted by the kernel-level filtering engine. Otherwise, only
packets for which expression is `true' will be accepted.
The expression consists of one or more primitives. Primitives usually consist of an id (name or number) preceded by one or more qualifiers. There are three
different kinds of qualifier:
type
qualifiers say what kind of thing the id
name or number refers to. Possible types are host, net and port. E.g., `host foo', `net 128.3', `port 20'. If there is no type qualifier,host is assumed.
dir
qualifiers specify a particular transfer
direction to and/or from id. Possible directions are src, dst, src or dst and src and dst. E.g., `src foo', `dst net 128.3', `src or dst port ftp-data'. If there
is no dir qualifier, src or dst is assumed. For `null' link layers (i.e. point to point protocols such as
slip) the inbound and outbound qualifiers can be used to specify a desired direction.
proto
qualifiers restrict the match to a
particular protocol. Possible protos are: ether, fddi, tr, ip, ip6, arp, rarp, decnet, tcp and udp. E.g., `ether src foo', `arp net 128.3', `tcp port 21'. If there is no
proto qualifier, all protocols consistent with the type are assumed. E.g., `src
foo' means `(ip or arp or rarp) src foo' (except the latter is not legal
syntax), `net bar' means `(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' and `port 53' means `(tcp
or udp) port 53'.
[`fddi' is
actually an alias for `ether'; the parser treats them identically as meaning
``the data link level used on the specified network interface.'' FDDI headers
contain Ethernet-like source and destination addresses, and often contain
Ethernet-like packet types, so you can filter on these FDDI fields just as with
the analogous Ethernet fields. FDDI headers also contain other fields, but you
cannot name them explicitly in a filter expression.
Similarly, `tr' is
an alias for `ether'; the previous paragraph's statements about FDDI headers
also apply to Token Ring headers.]
In addition to the
above, there are some special `primitive' keywords that don't follow the
pattern: gateway, broadcast, less, greater and arithmetic expressions. All of these are described below.
More complex
filter expressions are built up by using the words and, or and not to combine primitives. E.g., `host foo and not port ftp and not port
ftp-data'. To save typing, identical qualifier lists can be omitted. E.g., `tcp
dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain' is exactly the same as `tcp dst port ftp or
tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain'.
Allowable
primitives are:
dst host host
True if the IPv4/v6 destination field of
the packet is host, which may be either an address or a name.
src host host
True if the IPv4/v6 source field of the
packet is host.
host host
True if either the IPv4/v6 source or
destination of the packet is host. Any of the above host expressions can be prepended with the keywords, ip, arp, rarp, or ip6 as in:
ip host host
which is equivalent to:
ether proto \ip and
host host
If host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each address will be checked for a
match.
ether dst ehost
True if the ethernet destination address
is ehost. Ehost may be either a name from /etc/ethers or a number (see ethers(3N) for numeric format).
ether src ehost
True if the ethernet source address is ehost.
ether host ehost
True if either the ethernet source or
destination address is ehost.
gateway host
True if the packet used host as a gateway. I.e., the ethernet source or destination address was host but neither the IP source nor the IP destination was host. Host must be a name and must be found both by the machine's
host-name-to-IP-address resolution mechanisms (host name file, DNS, NIS, etc.)
and by the machine's host-name-to-Ethernet-address resolution mechanism
(/etc/ethers, etc.). (An equivalent expression is
ether host ehost and not host host
which can be used with either names or
numbers for host / ehost.) This syntax does not work in
IPv6-enabled configuration at this moment.
dst net net
True if the IPv4/v6 destination address of
the packet has a network number of net. Net may be either a name from /etc/networks or a network number (see networks(4) for details).
src net net
True if the IPv4/v6 source address of the
packet has a network number of net.
net net
True if either the IPv4/v6 source or
destination address of the packet has a network number of net.
net net mask netmask
True if the IP address matches net with the specific netmask. May be qualified with src or dst. Note that this syntax is not valid for IPv6 net.
net net/len
True if the IPv4/v6 address matches net with a netmask len bits wide. May be qualified with src or dst.
dst port port
True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp,
ip6/tcp or ip6/udp and has a destination port value of port. The port can be a number or a name used in /etc/services (see tcp(4P) andudp(4P)). If a name is used, both the port number and
protocol are checked. If a number or ambiguous name is used, only the port
number is checked (e.g., dst port 513 will print both tcp/login traffic and udp/who traffic, and port domain will print both tcp/domain and udp/domain traffic).
src port port
True if the packet has a source port value
of port.
port port
True if either the source or destination
port of the packet is port. Any of the above port expressions can be prepended with the keywords, tcp or udp, as in:
tcp src port port
which matches only tcp packets whose
source port is port.
less length
True if the packet has a length less than
or equal to length. This is equivalent to:
len <= length.
greater length
True if the packet has a length greater
than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:
len >= length.
ip proto protocol
True if the packet is an IP packet (see ip(4P)) of protocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names icmp, icmp6, igmp, igrp, pim, ah, esp, vrrp, udp, or tcp. Note that the identifiers tcp, udp, and icmp are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\), which is \\ in
the C-shell. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.
ip6 proto protocol
True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of
protocol type protocol. Note that this primitive does not chase the
protocol header chain.
ip6 protochain protocol
True if the packet is IPv6 packet, and
contains protocol header with type protocol in its protocol header chain. For example,
ip6 protochain 6
matches any IPv6 packet with TCP protocol
header in the protocol header chain. The packet may contain, for example,
authentication header, routing header, or hop-by-hop option header, between
IPv6 header and TCP header. The BPF code emitted by this primitive is complex
and cannot be optimized by BPF optimizer code in tcpdump, so this can be somewhat slow.
ip protochain protocol
Equivalent to ip6 protochain protocol, but this is for IPv4.
ether broadcast
True if the packet is an ethernet
broadcast packet. The ether keyword is optional.
ip broadcast
True if the packet is an IP broadcast
packet. It checks for both the all-zeroes and all-ones broadcast conventions,
and looks up the local subnet mask.
ether multicast
True if the packet is an ethernet
multicast packet. The ether keyword is optional. This is shorthand for `ether[0] & 1 != 0'.
ip multicast
True if the packet is an IP multicast
packet.
ip6 multicast
True if the packet is an IPv6 multicast
packet.
ether proto protocol
True if the packet is of ether type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, sca, lat, mopdl, moprc, iso, stp, ipx, ornetbeui. Note these identifiers are also keywords and must be
escaped via backslash (\).
[In the case of FDDI (e.g., `fddi
protocol arp') and Token Ring (e.g., `tr protocol arp'), for most of
those protocols, the protocol identification comes from the 802.2 Logical Link
Control (LLC) header, which is usually layered on top of the FDDI or Token Ring
header.
When filtering for most protocol
identifiers on FDDI or Token Ring, tcpdump checks only the protocol ID field of an LLC header in so-called SNAP
format with an Organizational Unit Identifier (OUI) of 0x000000, for
encapsulated Ethernet; it doesn't check whether the packet is in SNAP format
with an OUI of 0x000000.
The exceptions are iso, for which it checks the DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) and SSAP
(Source Service Access Point) fields of the LLC header, stp and netbeui, where it checks the DSAP of the LLC header,
and atalk, where it checks for a SNAP-format packet with an OUI of 0x080007 and the
Appletalk etype.
In the case of Ethernet, tcpdump checks the Ethernet type field for most of those protocols; the exceptions
are iso, sap, and netbeui, for which it checks for an 802.3 frame and
then checks the LLC header as it does for FDDI and Token Ring, atalk, where it checks both for the Appletalk etype in an Ethernet frame and
for a SNAP-format packet as it does for FDDI and Token Ring, aarp, where it checks for the Appletalk ARP etype in either an Ethernet frame
or an 802.2 SNAP frame with an OUI of 0x000000, and ipx, where it checks for the IPX etype in an Ethernet frame, the IPX DSAP in
the LLC header, the 802.3 with no LLC header encapsulation of IPX, and the IPX
etype in a SNAP frame.]
decnet src host
True if the DECNET source address is host, which may be an address of the form ``10.123'', or a DECNET host name.
[DECNET host name support is only available on Ultrix systems that are
configured to run DECNET.]
decnet dst host
True if the DECNET destination address is host.
decnet host host
True if either the DECNET source or
destination address is host.
ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, iso, stp, ipx, netbeui
Abbreviations for:
ether proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
lat, moprc, mopdl
Abbreviations for:
ether proto p
where p is one of the above protocols. Note that tcpdump does not currently know how to parse these protocols.
vlan [vlan_id]
True if the packet is an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN
packet. If [vlan_id] is specified, only true is the packet has the specified vlan_id. Note that the first vlan keyword encountered inexpression changes the decoding offsets for the remainder of expression on the assumption that the packet is a VLAN packet.
tcp, udp, icmp
Abbreviations for:
ip proto p or
ip6 proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
iso proto protocol
True if the packet is an OSI packet of
protocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names clnp, esis, or isis.
clnp, esis, isis
Abbreviations for:
iso proto p
where p is one of the above protocols. Note that tcpdump does an incomplete job of parsing these protocols.
expr relop expr
True if the relation holds, where relop is one of >, <, >=, <=, =, !=, and expr is an arithmetic expression composed of integer constants (expressed in
standard C syntax), the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /, &, |], a
length operator, and special packet data accessors. To access data inside the
packet, use the following syntax:
proto [ expr : size ]
Proto is one of ether, fddi, tr, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp or ip6, and indicates the protocol layer for the index operation. Note that tcp, udp and other upper-layer protocol types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6 (this
will be fixed in the future). The byte offset, relative to the indicated
protocol layer, is given by expr. Size is optional and indicates the number of bytes in the field of interest; it
can be either one, two, or four, and defaults to one. The length operator,
indicated by the keyword len, gives the length of the packet.
For example, `ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all multicast traffic.
The expression `ip[0] & 0xf != 5' catches all IP packets with
options. The expression `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff = 0' catches only
unfragmented datagrams and frag zero of fragmented datagrams. This check is
implicitly applied to the tcp and udp index operations. For instance, tcp[0] always means the first byte of the TCP header, and never means the first byte of an
intervening fragment.
Some offsets and field values may be expressed as names rather than as
numeric values. The following protocol header field offsets are available: icmptype (ICMP type field),icmpcode (ICMP code field), and tcpflags (TCP flags field).
The following ICMP type field values are available: icmp-echoreply, icmp-unreach, icmp-sourcequench, icmp-redirect, icmp-echo, icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routersolicit, icmp-timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-tstampreply, icmp-ireq, icmp-ireqreply, icmp-maskreq, icmp-maskreply.
The following TCP flags field values are available: tcp-fin, tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-push, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.
Primitives may be
combined using:
A parenthesized group of primitives and
operators (parentheses are special to the Shell and must be escaped).
Negation (`!' or `not').
Concatenation (`&&' or `and').
Alternation (`||' or `or').
Negation has
highest precedence. Alternation and concatenation have equal precedence and
associate left to right. Note that explicit and tokens, not juxtaposition, are now required for concatenation.
If an identifier
is given without a keyword, the most recent keyword is assumed. For example,
not host vs and ace
is short for
not host vs and host ace
which should not be confused with
not ( host vs or ace )
Expression arguments can be passed to tcpdump as either a single argument or as multiple
arguments, whichever is more convenient. Generally, if the expression contains
Shell metacharacters, it is easier to pass it as a single, quoted argument.
Multiple arguments are concatenated with spaces before being parsed.
documentation. Copyright (c) 2002-2005 Politecnico di Torino. Copyright
(c) 2005-2007 CACE Technologies. All rights reserved.
