在高并发、高负载的情况下,如何给表添加字段并设置DEFAULT值?

 

在高并发、高负载的情况下,如何给表添加字段并设置DEFAULT值?

 





Oracle 12c之前,当Oracle表数据量上亿时,对表执行“ALTER TABLE XXX ADD COLUMN_XX VARCHAR2(2) DEFAULT 'XXX';”操作时,效率及安全性是必须要考虑的因素。若直接执行,则会在该过程中给表加上6级表锁,也就是连查询都需要等待,这在生产库上是相当危险的操作。因为Oracle在执行上述操作过程中,不仅要更新数据字典,还会刷新全部的记录,并且会使得Undo表空间暴涨,所以,正确的做法是将更新数据字典和更新字段值分开。

例如,表LKILL.T_KILL约有4500W的数据,直接添加一个字段C_LHR需要花费21分钟,如下所示:

12:20:17 SYS@RACLHR2> ALTER TABLE LKILL.T_KILL ADD C_LHR VARCHAR2(100) DEFAULT 'LHR';

Table altered.

Elapsed: 00:21:58.53

若修改为如下的方式,则可以显著提高这个操作的性能,但表中原有的记录对于新添加的列为空,新增记录默认值会设置为LHR,那么原有记录的默认值就需要在系统空闲的时候进行批量更新、批量提交或采用系统包DBMS_PARALLEL_EXECUTE来更新,这样不至于大批量锁表,请参考本书中分批更新的部分【 REF _Ref24783 \n \h 3.1.10.5 REF _Ref24783 \h 分批插入、分批更新、分批删除、分批提交】。如下所示:

12:42:17 SYS@RACLHR2> ALTER TABLE LKILL.T_KILL ADD A_LHR VARCHAR2(100);

Table altered.

Elapsed: 00:00:00.35

13:53:54 SYS@RACLHR2> ALTER TABLE LKILL.T_KILL MODIFY A_LHR VARCHAR2(100) DEFAULT 'LHR';

Table altered.

Elapsed: 00:00:00.06

需要注意的是,从Oracle 11g开始,当添加一个带有默认值的非空列时(注意2个条件,NOT NULL和默认值),Oracle不会使用这个默认值来物理更新现有存在的行,Oracle只会存储这个新列元数据(NOT NULL约束和DEFAULT默认值),从而使得对该表的添加带有默认值的非空列操作可以在瞬间完成。当然,从表中检索该列时,会有部分的NVL函数代价。具体的细微差别可以通过10046事件来分析,这里不再详细解析。

Oracle 12c开始,支持具有默认值的空列的添加列的DDL语句优化,即如下2SQL语句的效率是一样的,也不存在锁表的现象了:

ALTER TABLE LKILL.T_KILL ADD A_LHR VARCHAR2(100);

ALTER TABLE LKILL.T_KILL ADD A_LHR VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL;

示例如下所示:

LHR@OCPLHR1> select * from v$version where rownum<=1;

 

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production

 

LHR@OCPLHR1> set time on

16:59:00 LHR@OCPLHR1> set timing on

16:59:08 LHR@OCPLHR1> CREATE TABLE t1 AS

16:59:21   2  SELECT ROWNUM N1,

16:59:21   3         TRUNC((ROWNUM - 1) / 3) N2,

16:59:21   4         TRUNC(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(ROWNUM, ROWNUM * 10)) N3,

16:59:21   5         DBMS_RANDOM.STRING('U', 10) cl

16:59:21   6    FROM DUAL

16:59:21   7  CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 200000;

 

Table created.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:05.72

 

16:59:45 LHR@OCPLHR1> SELECT d.bytes FROM user_segments d WHERE d.segment_name='T1';

 

     BYTES

----------

   7340032

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.09

17:01:00 LHR@OCPLHR1> ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c_ddl NUMBER DEFAULT 666 ;

 

Table altered.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:25.29

17:02:07 LHR@OCPLHR1> SELECT d.bytes FROM user_segments d WHERE d.segment_name='T1';

 

     BYTES

----------

   8388608

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.01

17:02:13 LHR@OCPLHR1> ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c_ddl2 NUMBER DEFAULT 888 not null;

 

Table altered.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.08

17:02:37 LHR@OCPLHR1> SELECT d.bytes FROM user_segments d WHERE d.segment_name='T1';

 

     BYTES

----------

   8388608

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.01

可以看出,在Oracle 11g中,加了NOT NULL约束的SQL语句,可以在瞬间完成添加列的操作,而只设置了默认值的SQL语句使用了25秒的时间。另外,加了NOT NUL约束的SQL语句执行完毕后,表的大小没有变化,这也说明了Oracle并没有做物理更新。

下面查看其执行计划,注意在这里不要使用“SET AUTOT ON”的方式,否则不能看到其真实的执行计划:

17:05:30 LHR@OCPLHR1> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl2=888;

 

  COUNT(*)

----------

    200000

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.02

17:05:39 LHR@OCPLHR1> select  * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

 

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

-------------------------------------------------------------

SQL_ID  bq50v8z914juk, child number 0

-------------------------------------

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl2=888

 

Plan hash value: 3724264953

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |       |       |   282 (100)|          |

|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE    |      |     1 |    13 |            |          |

|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |   199K|  2530K|   282   (2)| 00:00:04 |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

 

   2 - filter(NVL("C_DDL2",888)=888)

 

Note

-----

   - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2)

 

 

23 rows selected.

 

17:08:55 LHR@OCPLHR1> SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE rownum<=1;

 

        N1         N2         N3 CL              C_DDL     C_DDL2

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

         1          0          8 XYGGZXRRYR        666        888

可以看到,在谓词部分出现了NVL函数。所以,Oracle认为C_DDL2列是空列。

下面测试是否可以使用索引:

17:29:24 LHR@OCPLHR1> CREATE INDEX idx_c_ddl2 ON t1(c_ddl2);

 

Index created.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.71

17:31:08 LHR@OCPLHR1> update t1 set c_ddl2='8881' where rownum<=1;

 

1 row updated.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.05

17:31:13 LHR@OCPLHR1> commit;

 

Commit complete.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.00

17:31:16 LHR@OCPLHR1> SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl2=8881;

 

        N1         N2         N3 CL              C_DDL     C_DDL2

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

         1          0          8 XYGGZXRRYR        666       8881

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.01

17:31:24 LHR@OCPLHR1> select  * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

 

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQL_ID  0sm5s7zkvycrq, child number 0

-------------------------------------

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl2=8881

 

Plan hash value: 1464185165

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation                   | Name       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |            |       |       |     2 (100)|          |

|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T1         |     1 |    34 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_C_DDL2 |     1 |       |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

 

   2 - access("C_DDL2"=8881)

 

 

19 rows selected.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.11

令人惊喜的是,使用了索引。

下面看看在Oracle 12c中的执行情况:

 

LHR@lhr121> set line 120

LHR@lhr121> select * from v$version where rownum<=1;

 

BANNER                                                                               CON_ID

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production              0

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.00

LHR@lhr121> CREATE TABLE t1 AS

  2  SELECT ROWNUM N1,

  3         TRUNC((ROWNUM - 1) / 3) N2,

  4         TRUNC(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(ROWNUM, ROWNUM * 10)) N3,

       DBMS_RANDOM.STRING('U', 10) cl

  6    FROM DUAL

  7  CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 100000;

 

Table created.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:09.41

LHR@lhr121> SELECT d.bytes FROM user_segments d WHERE d.segment_name='T1';

 

     BYTES

----------

   4194304

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.33

LHR@lhr121>  ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c_ddl NUMBER DEFAULT 666 ;

 

Table altered.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.65

LHR@lhr121> SELECT d.bytes FROM user_segments d WHERE d.segment_name='T1';

 

     BYTES

----------

   4194304

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.14

LHR@lhr121> ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c_ddl2 NUMBER DEFAULT 888 not null;

 

Table altered.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.15

LHR@lhr121> SELECT d.bytes FROM user_segments d WHERE d.segment_name='T1';

 

     BYTES

----------

   4194304

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.09

 

LHR@lhr121> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl2=888;

 

  COUNT(*)

----------

    100000

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.02

LHR@lhr121>  select  * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

 

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQL_ID  bq50v8z914juk, child number 1

-------------------------------------

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl2=888

 

Plan hash value: 3724264953

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |       |       |   122 (100)|          |

|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE    |      |     1 |    13 |            |          |

|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |   100K|  1269K|   122   (1)| 00:00:01 |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

 

   2 - filter(NVL("C_DDL2",888)=888)

 

Note

-----

   - statistics feedback used for this statement

 

 

23 rows selected.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.05

 

LHR@lhr121> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl=666;

 

  COUNT(*)

----------

    100000

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.04

LHR@lhr121>  select  * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);

 

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQL_ID  dph2gfp6f0jja, child number 1

-------------------------------------

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c_ddl=666

 

Plan hash value: 3724264953

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation          | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |      |       |       |   122 (100)|          |

|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE    |      |     1 |    13 |            |          |

|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |  1000 | 13000 |   122   (1)| 00:00:01 |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

 

   2 - filter(DECODE(TO_CHAR(SYS_OP_VECBIT("SYS_NC00005$",0)),NULL,NVL("

              C_DDL",666),'0',NVL("C_DDL",666),'1',"C_DDL")=666)

 

 

20 rows selected.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.12

LHR@lhr121> SELECT d.column_name, d.column_id,d.hidden_column,d.virtual_column FROM Dba_Tab_Cols d  WHERE d.table_name='T1' order by column_id;

 

COLUMN_NAME      COLUMN_ID HID VIR

--------------- ---------- --- ---

N1                       1 NO  NO

N2                       2 NO  NO

N3                       3 NO  NO

CL                       4 NO  NO

C_DDL                    5 NO  NO

C_DDL2                   6 NO  NO

SYS_NC00005$               YES NO

 

7 rows selected.

 

Elapsed: 00:00:00.32

LHR@lhr121>

从示例可以清楚地看到,在Oracle 12c中,添加具有默认值的DDL优化已扩展到包括默认值的空列。Oracle使用了一个未公开的函数SYS_OP_VECBIT和新的隐藏列SYS_NC00005$,因为该列没有被物理更新。

&说明:

有关批量更新和DBMS_PARALLEL_EXECUTE的使用更详细的内容可以参考我的BLOG① http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-2140626/ ②http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-1684396








 






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posted @ 2018-02-10 18:18  DB宝  阅读(1184)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报