Leetcode:Repeated DNA Sequences详细题解

题目

All DNA is composed of a series of nucleotides abbreviated as A, C, G, and T, for example: "ACGAATTCCG". When studying DNA, it is sometimes useful to identify repeated sequences within the DNA.

Write a function to find all the 10-letter-long sequences (substrings) that occur more than once in a DNA molecule.

 

原题链接:https://oj.leetcode.com/problems/repeated-dna-sequences/

 

straight-forward method(TLE)

算法分析

直接字符串匹配;设计next数组,存字符串中每个字母在其中后续出现的位置;遍历时以next数组为起始。

 

简化考虑长度为4的字符串

 

case1:

src A C G T A C G T

next [4] [5] [6] [7] [-1] [-1] [-1] [-1]

 

那么匹配ACGT字符串的过程,匹配next[0]之后的3位字符即可

 

case2:

src A C G T A A C G T

next [4] [5] [6] [7] [5] [-1] [-1] [-1] [-1]

 

多个A字符后继,那么需要匹配所有后继,匹配next[0]不符合之后,还要匹配next[next[0]]

 

case3:

src A A A A A A

next [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [-1]

 

重复的情况,在next[0]匹配成功时,可以把next[next[0]]置为-1,即以next[0]开始的长度为4的字符串已经成功匹配过了,无需再次匹配了;当然这么做只能减少重复的情况,并不能消除重复,因此仍需要使用一个set存储匹配成功的结果,方便去重

 

时间复杂度

构造next数组的复杂度O(n^2),遍历的复杂度O(n^2);总时间复杂度O(n^2)

 

代码实现

 1 #include <string>
 2 #include <vector>
 3 #include <set>
 4 
 5 class Solution {
 6 public:
 7     std::vector<std::string> findRepeatedDnaSequences(std::string s);
 8 
 9     ~Solution();
10 
11 private:
12     std::size_t* next;
13 };
14 
15 std::vector<std::string> Solution::findRepeatedDnaSequences(std::string s) {
16     std::vector<std::string> rel;
17 
18     if (s.length() <= 10) {
19         return rel;
20     }
21 
22     next = new std::size_t[s.length()];
23 
24     // cal next array
25     for (int pos = 0; pos < s.length(); ++pos) {
26         next[pos] = s.find_first_of(s[pos], pos + 1);
27     }
28 
29     std::set<std::string> tmpRel;
30 
31     for (int pos = 0; pos < s.length(); ++pos) {
32         std::size_t nextPos = next[pos];
33         while (nextPos != std::string::npos) {
34             int ic = pos;
35             int in = nextPos;
36             int count = 0;
37             while (in != s.length() && count < 9 && s[++ic] == s[++in]) {
38                 ++count;
39             }
40             if (count == 9) {
41                 tmpRel.insert(s.substr(pos, 10));
42                 next[nextPos] = std::string::npos;
43             }
44             nextPos = next[nextPos];
45         }
46     }
47 
48     for (auto itr = tmpRel.begin(); itr != tmpRel.end(); ++itr) {
49         rel.push_back(*itr);
50     }
51 
52     return rel;
53 }
54 
55 Solution::~Solution() {
56     delete [] next;
57 }
View Code

 

hash table plus bit manipulation method

(view the Show Tags and Runtime 10ms !)

算法分析

首先考虑将ACGT进行二进制编码

A -> 00

C -> 01

G -> 10

T -> 11

 

在编码的情况下,每10位字符串的组合即为一个数字,且10位的字符串有20位;一般来说int有4个字节,32位,即可以用于对应一个10位的字符串。例如

ACGTACGTAC -> 00011011000110110001

AAAAAAAAAA -> 00000000000000000000

 

20位的二进制数,至多有2^20种组合,因此hash table的大小为2^20,即1024 * 1024,将hash table设计为bool hashTable[1024 * 1024];

 

遍历字符串的设计

每次向右移动1位字符,相当于字符串对应的int值左移2位,再将其最低2位置为新的字符的编码值,最后将高2位置0。例如

src CAAAAAAAAAC

 

subStr CAAAAAAAAA

int 0100000000

 

subStr AAAAAAAAAC

int 0000000001

 

时间复杂度

字符串遍历O(n),hash tableO(1);总时间复杂度O(n)

 

代码实现

 1 #include <string>
 2 #include <vector>
 3 #include <unordered_set>
 4 #include <cstring>
 5 
 6 bool hashMap[1024*1024];
 7 
 8 class Solution {
 9 public:
10     std::vector<std::string> findRepeatedDnaSequences(std::string s);
11 };
12 
13 std::vector<std::string> Solution::findRepeatedDnaSequences(std::string s) {
14     std::vector<std::string> rel;
15     if (s.length() <= 10) {
16         return rel;
17     }
18 
19     // map char to code
20     unsigned char convert[26];
21     convert[0] = 0; // 'A' - 'A'  00
22     convert[2] = 1; // 'C' - 'A'  01
23     convert[6] = 2; // 'G' - 'A'  10
24     convert[19] = 3; // 'T' - 'A' 11
25 
26     // initial process
27     // as ten length string
28     memset(hashMap, false, sizeof(hashMap));
29 
30     int hashValue = 0;
31 
32     for (int pos = 0; pos < 10; ++pos) {
33         hashValue <<= 2;
34         hashValue |= convert[s[pos] - 'A'];
35     }
36 
37     hashMap[hashValue] = true;
38 
39     std::unordered_set<int> strHashValue;
40 
41     // 
42     for (int pos = 10; pos < s.length(); ++pos) {
43         hashValue <<= 2;
44         hashValue |= convert[s[pos] - 'A'];
45         hashValue &= ~(0x300000);
46         
47         if (hashMap[hashValue]) {
48             if (strHashValue.find(hashValue) == strHashValue.end()) {
49                 rel.push_back(s.substr(pos - 9, 10));
50                 strHashValue.insert(hashValue);
51             }
52         } else {
53             hashMap[hashValue] = true;
54         }
55     }
56 
57     return rel; 
58 }

 

posted @ 2015-02-11 12:01  哲人善思  阅读(7827)  评论(5编辑  收藏  举报